Corporate, Commercial and Contract Law: Articles

Expulsion of a shareholder from a limited company: grounds for expulsion, general assembly quorum, the time limit for challenge and the remedies against an expulsion decision.

Exit payment (ayrılma akçesi) in a limited liability company: how the real value of the share is calculated, how payment and collection work, and the distinction between interest and a shareholder loan.

Dissolution of a limited liability company for good cause: requirements when partners cannot agree, 50/50 deadlock, real share value and alternative solutions.

Formation of a construction contract, official form, price, variations, delivery, defects and the legal consequences of termination.

Latent defects, notice, the buyer’s optional remedies and limitation for engine, hull and equipment faults in a used yacht.

Good-cause dissolution action in a joint-stock company: 10% and 5% thresholds, minority rights, exit against payment of the share price and alternatives to dissolution.

From startup formation to investment and exit: founder agreements, software rights, cap table, KVKK, due diligence and share transfers.

A guide to detection, calculation and lawsuits for irrigation hours in farming, State Hydraulic Works documents, hotel seasons, industrial shifts, construction-site subscriptions and solar plants operated before acceptance.

What is legal due diligence? The review process in investments and company transfers, 10 critical risks, NDA, term sheet, SPA, KVKK and closing agreements.

Separate the company share from the company’s assets. Examine the personal share, profit distributed or left in the company, valuation and evidence together.

How is an ordinary partnership proved with bank records, messages and witnesses? Proof by written instrument, initial evidence, commercial books and preparation before litigation.

The time limit for producing books and documents, electronic records, additional time, force majeure, the certificate of loss and the distinction between the tax defense and the penalty defense.

Capital loss, over-indebtedness, the interim balance sheet, capital make-up, the exchange-difference exception extended to 2028 and management's responsibility under TTK 376.

Tax debt of a dissolved or liquidated company: liability of shareholders, former managers and the liquidation officer, limits on distributions and payment orders.

The stamp tax base, rate, exemptions, contractual penalties and refunds after termination in contracts and supplementary protocols. Correction and litigation routes.

Pre-emptive rights in a capital increase, dilution of the shareholding and protection of the shareholder: quorums, exercise periods, evidence and legal remedies in joint-stock and limited companies.

Capital reduction in joint-stock and limited companies: returns to shareholders, loss offsetting, creditor notices, cancellation periods and the tax ordering under CTL Article 32/B.

By what resolution may a company's significant assets be sold? The general assembly quorum in joint-stock and limited companies, representation, invalidity of the sale and the shareholders' rights of action.

The 10% and 20% limits when a joint-stock or limited liability company acquires its own shares, the financial assistance ban, frozen rights, disposal periods and the Capital Markets Board regime.

Requirements for contributing real estate, receivables, trademark, and software rights as capital in kind; expert valuation, registration, objections, and liability rules.