Short answer: The right to a refund on cancellation of a medical tourism package is determined by the reason for the cancellation, the content of the contract, whether the service has begun and the legal nature of the payment made. The statement "the deposit is never refunded under any circumstances" is not valid in every case. However, nor can it be said that all payments must be returned unconditionally when the patient withdraws. A change of the promised doctor, a finding that the treatment is not medically suitable, operations not carried out and undisclosed additional charges must be assessed separately.
A dispute in medical tourism does not require that the operation was performed negligently. A patient may withdraw before travelling to Türkiye, the clinic may cancel the operation, a different method may be proposed after an in-person examination, or new charges may be added to the original package price later. In these cases the problem concerns contract and consumer law, whether or not it is accompanied by medical liability.
The first question in a refund file is not merely "did the patient cancel?" The reason for the patient's cancellation, when the other party was notified, what changed between the original promise and the final offer, and which services were actually provided are examined. The identity of the person who initiated the cancellation does not, by itself, explain the full financial outcome.
Which contracts does a treatment package include?
Surgery, physician examination, hospital services, implants or other products, accommodation, transfer, interpreting services and follow-up may be offered under a single price. However, it matters whether these performances are undertaken by the same person or by different companies. The fact that the patient has dealt with one brand does not show that all services are owed by the same legal person.
The parties to the contract must be identified together with the persons who issue the invoice, receive the payment and perform the service. One organization may have collected payment only on behalf of the hospital, while another may have sold the whole package in its own name. The refund claim will be directed to the correct party only once this contractual and representative relationship has been resolved. If the trade name on the card statement, the bank account holder and the internet brand are different, the reason for the difference must be investigated. [K1, K2]
Does a package price always mean a package tour?
No. Article 51 of the Consumer Protection Law (TKHK) regulates package tours, in which specified services are offered together at a price that includes everything, along with duration or accommodation conditions. Merely calling a treatment a "package" is not sufficient. How transport, accommodation and other tourism services are combined, and who acts as organizer or intermediary, must be examined. Where there is a genuine package tour, the cancellation and modification consequences of those special rules may also apply. [K2]
This distinction may also affect the law applicable to a foreign patient. Article 26(4) of the Private International Law and Procedure Law (MÖHUK) contains an exception for services that must be provided outside the consumer's habitual residence, and a distinction for package tours. An operation performed in Türkiye and a tour organized from abroad should not be resolved under a single rule. [K3]
Why is the reason for cancellation decisive?
| Cancellation or change | Issue to be examined first | Possible basis of the claim |
|---|---|---|
| Patient withdraws for personal reasons | Right of withdrawal or termination, the contract and the services performed | Refund calculation, or defence of a justified expense or loss |
| The promised doctor is replaced | Importance of the choice of doctor under the contract and the patient's acceptance | Breach of contract, alternative, refund and connected loss |
| A medical barrier is found at examination | Foreseeability of the barrier, preliminary assessment and fault | Impossibility or other termination provisions |
| The clinic does not provide the service | Reason for non-performance, time and liability | Performance, rescission or termination, refund and, where the conditions are met, compensation |
| Part of the package is not carried out | Divisible services, usable benefit and distribution of price | Partial refund, price reduction or other elective remedy |
This table does not automate the outcome. Different contracts and events may fall under the same heading. In particular, the reasons behind the patient's refusal of surgery, referral to another doctor or missed flight must be explained with evidence. Recording the date of cancellation alone is not sufficient.
Are a deposit, a binding payment and a withdrawal payment the same?
A payment called a "deposit" in everyday language has no single meaning in law. It may be an advance payment, a payment binding the contract (bağlanma parası), a withdrawal payment (cayma parası) or the price of a specific service. Writing "deposit" on the payment receipt does not by itself determine what consequences follow; the contract, the statements made and the parties' intention are examined.
Under Article 177 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TBK), money given when a contract is concluded is, as a rule, regarded as given as proof that the contract was made, not as a withdrawal payment. Unless the contract or local custom provides otherwise, it is deducted from the principal claim. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that the entire money always remains with the provider in every cancellation merely because a deposit was received. [K1]
Article 178 TBK provides that where a withdrawal payment has been agreed, the party who gave it forfeits it if he or she withdraws, while the party who received it must return twice the amount if that party withdraws. This result does not apply automatically to every advance payment. Whether a withdrawal payment was genuinely agreed, and the mandatory protections in the consumer relationship, must be investigated.
Does a statement that the payment is "non-refundable" end the dispute?
No. How the provision was incorporated into the contract, whether it was explained to the patient before payment, whether it is clear and comprehensible, whether it was actually negotiated and whether it creates an imbalance contrary to the principle of good faith between the parties are examined. Article 5 TKHK and Articles 20–25 TBK are important in this assessment. The patient's signature on a standard text does not show that each provision was individually negotiated. [K1, K2]
A clause requiring that the whole of the amount paid be kept on cancellation may, depending on its nature, also be considered a contractual penalty. The TBK provisions on contractual penalties, and questions of excessiveness and invalidity, may arise. However, this does not mean that every cancellation fee is automatically disregarded. A valid contract, services actually provided and the defence of proven loss must be assessed together.
If a patient withdraws before coming to Türkiye, is the money refunded?
First, it is determined how the contract was formed and which right of termination was exercised. The patient may have withdrawn for a personal change of preference without any breach of contract. Alternatively, the patient may have withdrawn because of misleading information, the absence of the promised doctor or undisclosed new risks. The financial consequences of these two situations cannot be regarded as the same.
The service provider may claim the fee for an examination, review or organizational service actually carried out. However, it is examined whether that service was agreed, was actually provided and its price was disclosed. A sales representative sending a few messages does not justify a "consulting fee" demanded afterwards. A subsequent independent high charge for an item shown as free within the package is also subject to scrutiny.
Where the rules on contracts for work or mandate apply, the special consequences of termination are important. TBK Article 484 regulates the portion performed before completion of the work in the event of termination and the contractor's losses; Article 512 regulates loss arising from termination of a mandate at an inopportune time. These provisions do not require the patient's body to be subjected to treatment against his or her will. The financial outcome is determined by considering the nature of the contract, the reason for termination and consumer protections together. [K1]
Is there a 14-day right of withdrawal for treatment purchased online?
Not every email or WhatsApp exchange is automatically a distance contract. Under Article 48 TKHK and the relevant regulation, it is important whether the parties were not physically present at the same time, whether the transaction took place within a system designed for remote marketing, and whether the contract was concluded using means of remote communication. These conditions must be investigated in the concrete case. [K2, K4]
Where the Turkish distance contract rules apply, a 14-day withdrawal period running from the conclusion of the contract arises in service contracts as a general rule. The notice of withdrawal must be given in writing or on a durable medium. Failure to provide proper information about the right of withdrawal has further consequences for the period; in such a case, the ordinary 14-day calculation is not relied upon. [K4, K5]
Commencement of the service and other exceptions
The exception for services commenced with the consumer's consent before the withdrawal period expires must be assessed. It matters what performance the statement "we have started the service" relates to, and whether the patient really gave consent to that start. A general sales message or a booking record does not show, in every file, that performance of the surgical service had begun.
The withdrawal exceptions for accommodation at a specified date and for certain other services, the regime for passenger transport, and the separate arrangement for package tour contracts are also examined separately. Scheduling an operation for a particular day does not turn it into a hotel reservation or leisure-service exception. The fact that the patient is abroad does not in itself show that Turkish distance contract law must necessarily apply; the review under private international law remains reserved. [K3, K4]
What can a patient do if the treatment plan changes after arrival in Türkiye?
A preliminary assessment made from photographs or a short online consultation is not the same as an in-person medical examination. It matters what assumptions the preliminary offer was based on, which examination the final decision depends on, and whether this uncertainty was explained to the patient in advance. A change of plan following the necessary examination does not always constitute a breach of law.
By contrast, a different problem arises where definitive suitability, a definitive number of procedures and a definitive price were promised without disclosing the limits of a remote assessment. Where the patient is pressured after arriving in Türkiye to accept a more expensive or more extensive operation, this must be assessed separately under the contract and consent rules. If an obstacle that could have been foreseen was ignored or important information was transmitted incorrectly, the effect on travel expenses is also investigated.
If the patient accepts the new plan, the changed method, risk, intended result and price should be explained in writing. Consenting to the new plan is not an automatic waiver of rights arising from earlier misstatements. Nor can it be said that the full amount will necessarily be retained if the patient does not accept it; the actual reason for cancellation and which contractual performances were carried out are determined.
Does replacing the promised doctor give rise to a refund right?
The personal qualities of a particular physician, his or her experience or the relationship of trust built with the patient may be an essential element of the contract. Where a specific name is used in the offer and the surgery is announced at the last moment to be carried out by another doctor, this may not be regarded as an ordinary change of staff. The reason for the change, the terms of the contract and the patient's informed acceptance are examined.
The clinic may argue that it offered another doctor in the same specialty. However, the mere fact that the specialty is the same does not in every case fulfil a commitment that a particular person would personally provide the service. The patient should not be content merely with asserting the change of name; he or she should also present messages, promotional material and examination records showing the importance of this choice in the contract and in the decision.
The replacement of the hospital is examined in a similar way. Factors such as location, licensing, facilities, intensive care support, follow-up and connection with accommodation may be important. Reasonable acceptance of the change requires that the details of the alternative service were known. The fact that the patient incurred travel expenses does not mean that he or she unconditionally accepted the new terms.
For the assessment of promises made in advertising, the article on misleading advertising and treatment promises in medical tourism may be consulted; for the responsibility of the company selling the package, see the articles on intermediary and agency liability.
If surgery cannot be performed because of a medical barrier, who is liable?
Not performing a procedure that is medically unsuitable is not, by itself, a breach of the health provider's obligations. First, the nature of the barrier, when it became known, whether it could have been foreseen earlier and the information provided by the patient must be examined. Concealment of an important health fact by the patient and the institution's failure to review a report sent to it are different events.
Impossibility of performance without fault, a barrier arising from the patient's personal circumstances and defective non-performance by the provider may be subject to separate provisions. Article 136 TBK and, to the extent applicable to contracts for work, provisions such as Article 485 are considered. The price of a useful examination actually carried out and the price of a surgery never performed should not be kept in the same calculation. [K1]
The patient may show that he or she provided all the information requested for the pre-travel assessment and that definitive suitability was nevertheless notified. The health provider may argue that the barrier could only be discovered through an in-person examination and that it disclosed this limitation in advance. Liability for refunds and additional expenses cannot be resolved merely by the sentence "there was a medical reason" without examining these records.
Is withdrawing medical consent the same as withdrawing from the contract?
Medical consent relates to an intervention to be carried out on the body. Within the conditions of the Patient Rights Regulation, the patient has the right to refuse treatment or to request that it be stopped. This right is not extinguished by a fee contract. The safety of stopping a medical intervention in progress and emergency exceptions are assessed within their own conditions. [K6]
Termination or rescission of the contract is a separate question, which determines the consequences for the fee and other debts. The patient may refuse the intervention; the financial consequences of that refusal are examined separately. Accordingly, both the absolute statements "he withdrew consent, so all the money is lost" and "he withdrew consent, so all services performed are free" are inaccurate.
Importance of the aesthetic result and of clarity about anaesthesia in cosmetic surgery
In an intervention for aesthetic purposes, the procedure to be performed and the visual result undertaken must be clearly determined. A commitment to a result, alternatives, limitations and the possibility of revision are as important as explanation of the anaesthesia, and may affect the decision. A patient's acceptance of the price alone does not mean that he or she consented to a different operation or anaesthesia plan presented later.
The assessment under the contract for work raises different rights, depending on whether a procedure was never performed or was performed but gave a defective result. The elective rights under Article 475 TBK must not be confused with the rules on termination before surgery. The basis of a refund claim must be explained by reference to the stage and the reason at which it arose. [K1]
When can charges outside the package be demanded?
The content of the initial offer is decisive. It must be clearly stated which of the surgeon's fees, hospital, anaesthesia, implant, tests, medicines, check-ups, revisions, transfer and hotel costs are included. Where the total price cannot be calculated with certainty, the method of calculation and any likely additional expenses must be explained. The obligations to issue invoices and provide detailed service breakdowns under the medical tourism regulation are also important. [K7]
A separate additional service requested by the patient later is different from re-charging an item that was initially shown as included in the package. The emergence of a new medically necessary procedure does not mean that the price may be changed unilaterally and without limit. Except in special cases of urgent intervention, the medical and financial scope of the new plan must be disclosed to the patient.
Where the distance contract provisions apply, rules on pre-contractual information about additional expenses and on express consent to additional payments are also significant. Pre-marked options or vague entries such as "I accept all necessary additional charges" do not automatically make each concrete price valid. In a dispute, it is examined when each charge was disclosed and what the patient accepted. [K4]
How is the refund calculated if only part of the package is performed?
First, services performed and those not performed must be separated. An examination may have taken place without an operation being performed; only one of several procedures may have been carried out; or part of the accommodation may have been used. If each item has an agreed price, that is the starting point. However, in a single-price package, any arbitrary allocation prepared afterwards to reduce the refund amount must be scrutinized.
Where the services are economically and functionally linked, removing the price of only one item is not in every case sufficient. If the main purpose was not achieved, the benefit of the ancillary service to the patient and the interest expected from the continuation of the contract are investigated. Conversely, it is not correct to disregard entirely the services that were actually used and have an independent benefit.
For defective services, the rights and conditions of Article 15 TKHK apply; for a contract for work, Article 475 TBK; and for a performance that was never carried out at all, the general contract provisions are considered. The patient must distinguish the remedy chosen, the price for which a refund is sought and any damages separately claimed. A refund of price, a reduction of price and a request for re-performance of the same service must not be piled on one another without explaining the relationship between them. [K1, K2]
For post-operative check-ups and revision costs, see our article on post-operative follow-up and revision; for insurance expenses, see our article on complication insurance.
Can flights, hotels and lost leave be claimed separately?
Cancelling a treatment package does not automatically place all travel expenses on the other party. Culpable breach of contract, the foreseeability of the expense, its connection with the event and the possibility of mitigating the loss are assessed. The amount actually paid by the patient, the sums he or she can recover and the services used for another purpose must be explained.
Failing to cancel a refundable flight ticket when a better solution was available, increasing an expense, or presenting the whole of a tourist extension as a treatment expense may give rise to dispute. Accommodation prolonged by necessity for health or safety reasons is assessed differently. For loss of earnings, it is not enough to show that leave was used; the economic loss that arose must be shown.
Non-pecuniary damages are not an additional payment arising on each delay in refunding the money. The effect on physical integrity or personality rights and the applicable legal conditions are investigated. A claim for the refund of flights, hotels and fees, and a claim for non-pecuniary damages, require different evidence and assessment. [K1]
What does the Court of Cassation's decision on withdrawal from surgery say?
6th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay 6. Hukuk Dairesi), October 12, 2023, E.2022/2959, K.2023/3282
The decision concerns a patient who withdrew from surgery planned as an aesthetic procedure on the legs, alleging a dispute about anaesthesia before the operation. The patient claimed to have learned of the general anaesthesia information only at a late stage; the health provider argued that information and consent had been given. In the file the operation was not performed and the fee taken for it was refunded. The action also includes the claims for expenses and non-pecuniary damages that were raised. [K8]
The Court of Cassation affirmed the rejection, in light of the medical assessment, the consent and the other facts in the file. This decision should not be described as a case in which the Court of Cassation first ordered the refund of a surgery fee; the refund appears in the decision text as an event that had already occurred.
The basic distinction that may be drawn from the decision is this: refund of the fee and non-pecuniary damages are not subject to the same conditions. Non-performance of the operation is also not an abstract rule that categorically excludes non-pecuniary damages in every case; violation of personality rights and concrete effects are examined separately. The rejection in this file does not show that an undisclosed change of anaesthesia in another case will always be regarded as lawful.
A different examination for work performed but defective
In its decision of May 11, 2023, E.2022/747, K.2023/1785, the 6th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay 6. Hukuk Dairesi) examined the dispute of a patient living in Germany who had received implant and prosthetic treatment in Türkiye. In that file, the problem was not withdrawal before the operation but deficiencies in the work performed and subsequent claims. Clarification of the elective right and a technical examination were important; a partial acceptance decision given after an earlier reversal was affirmed. [K9]
Reading these two decisions together shows that files described as "refund actions" are not the same. A service never begun, termination for good cause and a defective contract for work are examined under different rules. The petition must state clearly which situation is asserted; the figures in the claims section of a decision must not be used as though they were amounts fully accepted.
How should a refund claim be written and which documents should be attached?
The claim letter must clearly identify the party to the contract, the service, the payments made, the reason for cancellation or change, and the outcome sought. It should be possible to verify that the letter reached the correct company. A message sent only to a sales representative's personal account may not resolve all corporate application and time-limit issues.
The amount paid and its currency should be stated separately; where there was partial performance, it should be specified which payment is disputed. If flight or accommodation expenses are claimed in addition to the refund, these should be listed separately and their connection with the original contract explained. If another service or a future date was offered to the patient, the reason for accepting or rejecting it may also be recorded.
- The original offer, the package scope and the version of the cancellation conditions as at the date of payment.
- Correspondence showing the specific doctor, hospital, procedure and price promises.
- Contract, pre-contractual information, invoice, receipt and card payment records.
- The notice of change or cancellation and the other party's reply.
- Examination reports and records explaining the medical barrier or change of plan.
- A breakdown of services performed; flight, hotel and other expense documents.
Because website conditions may later be changed, the version in force on the date of the contract should be preserved. Under Article 199 of the Code of Civil Procedure (HMK), electronic records may constitute evidence; however, the integrity of the record and to whom it belongs are important. Where necessary, the routes of production of documents and preservation of evidence may be considered. [K10]
How are the refund period, interest and currency calculation determined?
There is no single refund period applicable to every cancellation. In a valid distance contract withdrawal, the time for repayment under a service contract is assessed from the notice of withdrawal. Impossibility, rescission of a package tour, a general breach of contract or a payment under a settlement agreement is subject to its own rules. It is not correct to apply the 14-day period of one field to all treatment cancellations. [K1, K2, K4]
For interest, it is determined when the debt became due, whether notice of default is required and what type of interest applies. The default framework under Article 117 TBK is important. Where the statement "we will refund" gives a clear date for payment, the effect of that date is assessed separately. It cannot be said that interest in every file starts from the day the surgery was planned or from the first payment.
A payment in euros, sterling or another currency is examined under the monetary debt in the contract and Article 99 TBK. The currency and legal basis on which the claim is made must be stated. An exchange-rate difference or transaction charge applied by the card-issuing bank is not automatically charged to the other party; the concrete expense and the link to liability are investigated.
Does a card-payment objection or a bank application replace a lawsuit?
In card payments, a transaction objection to the bank may be possible on grounds such as non-provision of the service. However, the process under the card system, the bank and the terms of the transaction is not the same as a court's decision on a contractual dispute. Legal proceedings or other application time limits must not be lost while awaiting the bank's period.
A refund obtained from the bank cannot be used to collect the same amount again from the other party. Conversely, rejection of a bank objection does not mean that the patient's private-law claim is necessarily unfounded. The objection file, the documents submitted and the outcome letter must be explained in the legal file. No false statement may be made that a service actually received was never provided.
Which route should a foreign patient use, and how should time limits be protected?
Where private health care is a consumer transaction, the route before the consumer arbitration committee or the consumer court is assessed according to the amount and scope of the claim. For 2026, the monetary threshold for consumer disputes below 186,000 Turkish lira is important before the arbitration committee; the current threshold for the year of application and the valuation rules for a claim in foreign currency must be checked. An objection to an arbitration committee decision is not the same procedure as a direct court action. [K2, K11]
In consumer courts, mediation as a condition precedent to suit applies as a general rule; disputes within the competence of the arbitration committee and other statutory exceptions are separate. The same judicial route should not be assumed for the relationship with a public health service, a foreign organizer or companies. A foreign patient who has left Türkiye may still pursue claims with suitable representation and service arrangements; the necessary personal steps are determined according to the concrete file.
For claims for the fee, defective service, contract for work, mandate and tort, different limitation provisions may apply. Articles 72, 146–149 and 478 TBK and Article 16 TKHK are assessed according to the true nature of the claim. The period for exercising the right of withdrawal is not the same as the limitation period for a lawsuit. Merely writing a complaint to the clinic or conducting refund negotiations does not in every case suspend the period; the legal effect of mediation is calculated separately. [K1, K2, K12]
For the general framework of rights, the guide to malpractice and compensation for foreign patients and the medical malpractice and physician error cases page may serve as a guide.
What should be clear when signing a refund agreement?
The agreement should state the amount to be paid, the currency, the payment date, the account, bank charges and which items are terminated. Full refund, partial refund, a service credit for a future date and a revision offer must not be substituted for one another. If only a voucher is offered where the patient does not wish to use the same service again, the refund debt is not discharged in every case.
It is important whether the release clause extends only to the disputed advance payment or also to bodily harm that may arise later. A text stating that all rights are waived before payment is made may increase the risk of non-collection. Delay, underpayment and implementation of the agreement must be expressly regulated. This financial agreement, which is separate from medical consent, should not be signed without understanding its content.
Conclusion
A dispute over cancellation and refund in medical tourism cannot be resolved with a single sentence such as "the deposit is forfeited" or "if the operation did not take place, all the money comes back." The actual reason for cancellation, explicit consent, the specific doctor and aesthetic result commitments, the services performed, the terms of the contract and consumer protections must be examined together. A correct claim is one that separately explains refund, reduction and compensation, and is supported by payment and change records.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is an operation deposit forfeited in every case?
No. It is determined whether the payment was an advance, a binding payment or a withdrawal payment. The reason for cancellation and the validity of the provision in the contract are examined. The existence of a service actually performed or of a proven loss may affect the refund calculation.
If the clinic cancels the operation, does it pay back twice the deposit?
The double-payment result under Article 178 TBK is considered where a genuine withdrawal payment was agreed. Not every advance payment is a withdrawal payment. If the clinic breaches the contract, refund and damages claims may also rest on other provisions.
If the doctor is changed, am I obliged to accept the new doctor?
The importance of the particular physician in the contract, the reason for the change and the alternative proposed are examined. Different intervention may not be carried out without the patient's informed consent. The financial consequences of not accepting the new doctor are determined according to the concrete contract and the breach.
If surgery could not be performed because of my health problem, can the whole fee be withheld?
It is examined when and how the barrier became known, the preliminary assessment, the information provided by the patient and the services actually performed. An operation never carried out and an examination actually provided are not the same item. A general health ground does not automatically justify every withholding.
Can I withdraw within 14 days from every treatment I pay for online?
The conditions of distance contracts, the applicable law and the exceptions must be examined. Commencement of the service with the consumer's consent, or another special contract regime, may change the outcome. Paying online alone does not complete the whole assessment.
If I do not accept the new anaesthesia method, do I have a right to a refund?
What was disclosed and agreed in advance, the medical reason for the change and the options presented to the patient are important. The right to refuse medical consent and the financial account are separate. The breach of contract, justified termination and services performed are assessed in the concrete case.
When I receive a refund, can I also claim non-pecuniary damages?
A refund does not automatically create or remove the conditions for non-pecuniary damages. The effect on personality rights or bodily integrity and the relevant legal conditions are examined separately. If a signed release or settlement exists, its scope is also taken into account.
Is it enough to write only to the agency?
The role of the agency or intermediary in the contract and its authority to receive notice must be investigated. The party liable for the refund may be the hospital, an intermediary or a foreign organizer. Records showing that the claim reached the correct legal person and for which service it was made should be preserved.
Sources and legal bases
K1 — Law No. 6098, Turkish Code of Obligations; in particular Arts. 20–25, 49–58, 99, 112, 117, 125, 136, 146–149, 177–182, 470–486 and 512. Official text.
K2 — Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection (Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun, TKHK); Arts. 3, 5, 13–16, 48, 51, 68, 73 and 73/A. Official text.
K3 — Law No. 5718 on Private International and Procedural Law (Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakkında Kanun); Arts. 24, 26, 40 and following. Official text.
K4 — Ministry of Trade (Ticaret Bakanlığı), "Information on Distance Contracts", August 17, 2026. Current institutional statement.
K5 — Regulation on Distance Contracts (Mesafeli Sözleşmeler Yönetmeliği); in particular Arts. 2, 4–6, 9–12, 15–16 and 19. Text published by the Ministry. Reviewed together with the Ministry's current statement.
K6 — Patient Rights Regulation (Hasta Hakları Yönetmeliği); Arts. 15–18, 24–25 and 31. Ministry of Health institutional publication.
K7 — Regulation on International Health Tourism and the Health of Tourists (Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmi ve Turistin Sağlığı Hakkında Yönetmelik), Official Gazette April 26, 2025, No. 32882; in particular Art. 12. Official Gazette.
K8 — 6th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay 6. Hukuk Dairesi), October 12, 2023, E.2022/2959, K.2023/3282. Full text and citation verified. Decision record.
K9 — 6th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation, May 11, 2023, E.2022/747, K.2023/1785. Full text and citation verified. Decision record.
K10 — Law No. 6100, Code of Civil Procedure (Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu); Arts. 199, 219–224, 400 and following. Official text.
K11 — Sinop Provincial Directorate of Trade (Sinop Ticaret İl Müdürlüğü), information on consumer arbitration committees and the 2026 monetary threshold. Institutional source. Date accessed: October 13, 2026.
K12 — Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes (Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu); Arts. 16 and 18/A. Official text.