The core function of a contract in a tourism investment is to make clear who bears the risks of permits, construction, financing and operation. Even where land has been leased or accommodation units have been bought, the possibility that a licence is not obtained, that opening is delayed or that operations are halted remains. If the contract makes no provision for these possibilities, the economic risk of the investment may later turn into a legal dispute.
This guide is based on legal research and a review of the legislation as of 11 October 2026. The rights of the landowner, the investor, the operator, the contractor, the health service provider and the guest should not be assessed under the same contract. The competent court, mediation and time limits are also determined by the true nature of the relationship.
Which contracts should be considered together in a tourism investment?
In a nature-accommodation project, the land sale or lease agreement, the partnership agreement, the design and construction contract, the supply of accommodation units, the operating agreement and the reservation terms affect one another. If each document is prepared separately and no link is established between the dates and allocation of responsibility in them, the same risk may be left with the investor in one contract and with the operator in another.
For example, if the supplier's delivery date is fixed, the start of the land rent is tied to the date of signature, and the completion of the licensing process is left uncertain, then for units that cannot yet be used both financing and rental costs arise. This problem cannot be solved simply by adding an indemnity clause; payment and delivery stages must be structured in line with the permit timetable.
| Contract | Main purpose | Matter to be expressly regulated |
|---|---|---|
| Land sale / promise of sale | Acquisition of the investment site | Form, encumbrances, permit condition and refund of the price |
| Land or facility lease | Securing the right of use | Purpose, term, licence, alterations and end of term |
| Construction / supply | Delivery of the project and the units | Technical quality, acceptance, defects and delay |
| Partnership / shareholders' agreement | Sharing of capital and management | Additional financing, representation, exit and lock-in |
| Operating / management | Day-to-day management of the facility | Revenue accounting, budget, oversight and authority |
| Reservation / programme | Provision of services to the guest | Scope, price, change, cancellation and liability |
| Wellness service organization | Carrying out the authorized service | Responsible director, staff, records and emergencies |
How is permit risk allocated in a land contract?
Form in a promise of sale and in the sale of immovable property
In transactions that create an obligation to transfer ownership of immovable property, the form required by law is important. Placing the heading "land sale agreement" on an ordinary written document does not in itself satisfy the formal requirements for the sale of immovable property. A promise of sale and the sale transaction to be carried out before the competent authority must be set up in accordance with the form and competence provisions of the relevant legislation. [1]
Before any advance payment is made, it should be verified that the seller is the owner or an authorized representative; the removal of encumbrances, delivery, costs and taxes should be determined. Where the property is held in shares, the scope of the promise of use of a specific area and the transfer of shares must be kept separate. The purchase of shares in a company or cooperative is not the same as the direct purchase of the property.
Payment conditional on a permit and withdrawal from the contract
It must be stated expressly that the licensing of the investment depends on a specific facility type and capacity. The sentence "all necessary permits will be obtained" is not sufficient on its own. It must be determined who will prepare which permits, who will bear the costs, by what date an outcome is to be expected, and what happens if the decision is negative.
The logic of a provision that can be adapted to a concrete contract is as follows: a list of permits is attached; the parties' duties to provide documents and to cooperate are defined; payment stages are linked to these conditions; and, if a permit is not obtained by the set final date, the rights to be exercised and the refund calculation are shown. This is not an automatic contract template. A condition precedent, a condition subsequent or the choice of a right of termination produce different legal consequences.
The reason why a permit was not obtained must also be distinguished. That the land is legally unsuitable, that the owner gave false information, that the investor changed the project, or that the application was incompletely pursued are not the same risk. The expense incurred by the party at fault, and refund, compensation and penalty conditions, are regulated according to this distinction.
Preliminary opinion, guarantee and duty to inform
A preliminary opinion obtained by the seller from an institution should not be accepted as a final licence guarantee without examining its scope and date. It should be checked to which capacity, settlement plan and activity the opinion relates. Turning oral statements into written declarations annexed to the contract makes proof easier.
If the owner or consultant undertakes that a plan change will certainly be accepted, the legal and economic consequences of that undertaking are examined separately. A transaction requiring the administration's discretion cannot be made mandatory by a contract between the parties. On the other hand, a party may be liable for the consequences of an untrue declaration or of a contractual undertaking it has assumed.
Lease, business transfer and management agreements
The actual content of the contract, not its name, is decisive
Under Article 19 of the Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098 (Türk Borçlar Kanunu), the real and common intention of the parties is important in interpreting a contract. Not every relationship called an "operating agreement" is of the same type. Where the use of the facility is left to the counterparty for a fee, this may point to a lease relationship; where the facility is managed for the account of the owner in return for remuneration, this may point to a different contractual structure. [1]
In a relationship where a working facility is transferred together with its fixtures, guest base and business assets, an assessment of a lease of products may arise. However, agreeing payment solely on the basis of turnover does not in every case create the same type of contract. The right of use, to whom income and expenses belong, the employer of the staff and the power of representation are examined together.
This distinction affects the competent court, the eviction and termination provisions to be applied, the mediation route and the limitation period. Writing "the commercial court has jurisdiction" into the contract does not change the statutory rules on competence in the way the parties may wish.
Lease term and recovery of investments
In a long-term facility lease, the cost of renewal, capacity increases and mandatory safety investments should be expressly shared. The owner's consent to construction carried out by the tenant, the administrative licence and the approval of the allocating authority are different conditions. The owner's consent does not replace permits under public law.
It should be regulated who owns units that can be dismantled at the end of the period; whether the cost of fixed facilities may be claimed; in what circumstances fixtures are to be handed over; and how investments made are to be calculated on early termination. The scope and validity of a provision that "all constructions remain with the owner without payment" should be assessed together with the type of contract and the mandatory rules.
If it is contemplated that the rent be fixed in foreign currency or indexed, the regulations protecting the value of the Turkish lira and the applicable exceptions must also be checked separately. It should not be assumed that every contract connected with tourism falls automatically outside the foreign currency prohibition.
Hidden obligations on the transfer of a business or company
The transfer of a share in a company and the transfer of business assets carry different risks. In a share transfer, past debts and contracts may remain within the company, which continues the same legal personality and activity. In a business transfer, Article 202 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, commercial and labour law provisions and the transfer of administrative documents are assessed separately. [1][2]
Staff claims, reservation advances, complimentary accommodation vouchers, supplier debts, deposits and open complaints must also be included in the transfer balance sheet. An agreement that the transferor is responsible for "old debts" does not in every case remove the statutory rights of third parties; it may regulate the right of recourse between the parties.
For facilities on public land, a further permit may be required for the transfer of an allocation or right of use. It should not be accepted that the activity can be continued in the name of a new person by the commercial transfer contract alone, before the transfers under the tourism and wellness certificates have been completed.
In particular, after the amendment of 26 August 2026, a simple accommodation tourism operating certificate may not be transferred, except by testamentary disposition or inheritance. For any business transfer outside these exceptions, a promise that "the existing certificate will also be transferred" is not a reliable closing condition. The new operator's ability to obtain the appropriate certificate, the cost of any physical conversion, and the refund of the price if the transaction does not proceed must be regulated separately. [16]
For details of the subject, reference may be made to the section on yacht leasing agreements.
Defects and delay in the construction and supply of accommodation units
The technical specification is central to legal protection
A supply contract for tiny houses, tents or bungalows should not consist only of model photographs. Dimensions, materials, insulation, electrical and water installations, fire performance, the relevant technical conformity documents, and transport and installation conditions should be stated. For a mobile home, the type approval promised, the registration and the conformity of the actual product must be checked separately.
The supplier's statement that the product is "licence-compliant" must be made concrete by reference to which legislation and which use scenario it concerns. Delivery of a product compliant with vehicle technical legislation and the ability to obtain a tourism licence on a specific plot are different obligations. It must be clear whether the seller undertakes only to supply the product or also to produce a turnkey lawful facility.
Delivery, acceptance and notice of defects
In a contract of sale and a contract for work, the provisions on defects, inspection and notice may differ. Keeping a record at delivery, noting missing documents, and preserving photographs and technical tests are important. The fact that the operator has begun to use the product or has paid the full price may have consequences for proof and the preservation of rights, depending on the concrete relationship. [1, Art. 219 et seq., 470 et seq.]
Once a defect appears, the options of repair, replacement, price reduction, withdrawal from the contract or damages are assessed in light of the circumstances. In a commercial purchase by a non-consumer, it should not be assumed that all the protections granted to consumers apply in the same way. Defects concealed through serious fault and the parties' limitations of liability are examined separately.
Opening delay and calculation of loss
In the case of delay by the contractor, the delivery date, the cause of the delay, the parties' duty to cooperate and the conditions of default are first determined. In a claim for loss of a season, the expected gross turnover is not accepted directly as a loss. Variable costs not incurred, income obtained elsewhere, alternative use and the measures that could be taken to mitigate the loss are taken into account.
Positive interest relates to the position in which the party would have been had the contract been performed as agreed; negative interest relates to the position in which it would have been had the party not relied on the contract. The same loss must not be claimed twice under different names. The choice between performance, termination or withdrawal and the claim for damages must be structured consistently. [1, Art. 112 and 117–125]
A penalty clause may make it easier to prove delay; however, the breach in which it arises, whether it may be claimed together with performance or damages, and the relevant provisions for merchants must be clearly assessed. No generalization should be made that every penalty clause will be reduced in the same way or that none can ever be reduced. [1][2]
Force majeure, excessive difficulty of performance and changes in legislation
The effect on a contract of a fire, flood, epidemic, transport ban or administrative decision cannot be determined from the name of the event alone. It is examined whether the performance of the obligation has been prevented temporarily or permanently, whether the event can be attributed to the debtor, and what risk the contract assumed. The impossibility under Articles 136–137 of the Turkish Code of Obligations and the excessive difficulty of performance under Article 138 have different conditions and consequences. A change in the exchange rate or an increase in costs, especially in a commercial investment, does not on its own entitle a party to adapt every contract. [1]
The contract should regulate the time of notice, efforts to mitigate loss, the period of suspension, postponed reservations, the refund of advances, and termination where the impediment is long-lasting. A closure caused by the operator's own lack of licence should not be governed by the same provision as an unforeseeable and non-attributable impediment to activity. Who bears the cost of compliance with a change in legislation should also be written separately for the investment and operating periods.
For details of the subject, reference may be made to the section on yacht construction agreements.
Reservations, retreat packages and consumer rights
The distinction between an accommodation reservation and a package tour
A package tour, in which transport, accommodation and other tourism services are offered together under the conditions set out in the law, is not the same as a single accommodation service. Where accommodation and a retreat activity are sold together, the nature of the additional service and the organization of the package are examined. The use of the name "programme fee" does not automatically exclude the provisions on package tours. [3][4]
The allocation of responsibility between the package organizer, the intermediary, the travel agency and the hotel must be properly structured. A business that sells its own accommodation is in a different position from one that intermediates by combining the services of other providers. Activities under Law No. 1618 may not be excluded from assessment by describing the contract as consultancy or organization. [4]
The fourteen-day right of withdrawal for accommodation on a fixed date
The Regulation on Distance Contracts regulates, among the exceptions to the general right of withdrawal, accommodation and certain leisure services that must be provided on a specific date or during a specific period. It therefore cannot be said that every hotel reservation made online carries a fourteen-day right of withdrawal without reason. [5]
On the other hand, this exception does not mean that the operator may always keep the price for a service it never provided or provided defectively. The cancellation right under the contract, the control of unfair terms, impossibility, defective performance and the provisions on package tours may also apply separately. The cancellation policy must be clearly shown before payment and communicated to the guest by a durable medium. [5]
Earnest money, advance payment and no-show
The word "kapora" alone does not explain whether a payment is a withdrawal payment (cayma parası), a binding earnest money payment (bağlanma parası), or an advance on the price of the service. The function agreed by the parties and the provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations are applied. It must be clear in what circumstances and with what deductions a refund is made. [1, Art. 177–178]
It should also not be generalized that, where the guest does not arrive, the whole price automatically falls to the operator. The valid contract terms, whether the relationship is one of consumer or agency, special regulations and the concrete loss are assessed together. Facts such as the operator having resold the same capacity may matter in the calculation, depending on the applicable legal basis.
Change of service, incomplete programme and overbooking
Replacement of the promised accommodation unit, closure of the pool, failure of an instructor to attend the programme or inability to provide a health service may, depending on the scope of the contract, constitute defective performance or some other failure of performance. Concrete promises and images made in the promotion may also become evidence in a dispute.
Redirecting a guest to another facility in the event of overbooking does not in every case end the obligation. The nature and location of the alternative, the guest's acceptance and additional costs matter. An agreement between the operator and the agency cannot limit the mandatory rights of the consumer. In programmes that include health and wellness services, the provider's lack of authority should not be treated as an ordinary change of service.
Guest accidents, health practice and insurance
The operator's duty of safety and care
In damage occurring during activity involving a pool, staircase, timber platform, animal contact, nature walk or exercise, the risk of the activity, the measures taken by the operator and the conduct of the parties are examined. The provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations on breach of contract, tort, auxiliary persons and, where necessary, the liability of the building owner may arise together. [1]
A general form stating that "the participant accepts all risks" does not make the operator free of liability for every kind of fault. Agreements excluding liability for serious fault, and limitations on specialist services requiring a licence, are assessed under the mandatory provisions of the law. Information and acceptance of risk do not replace maintenance or a lack of professional authority.
The guest's conduct, such as wearing unsuitable footwear or acting against an express safety instruction, may be taken into account in the concrete case. However, a general instruction prepared after the event is not proof that the guest was actually informed. Dated maintenance records, training given to staff and the incident report provide a stronger evidentiary basis.
If a guest's belongings are lost
Articles 576 to 578 of the Turkish Code of Obligations regulate special liability for items brought by persons staying at an accommodation. The limit of three times the daily accommodation fee, applicable where the operator or employee bears no fault, is not a general ceiling on compensation for every incident. Delivery of valuables for safekeeping, a refusal to accept them, and notice given after the fault and loss have become known may change the position. [1]
A notice saying "we are not responsible for lost items" does not by itself remove statutory liability. Deposit records, safe access, key or card movements, incident notification and lawfully obtained camera recordings should be preserved. It should also not be assumed that bodily injury and property damage are subject to the same limit.
Responsible director and operator liability in wellness services
The 2026 Wellness Services Regulation contains provisions on the liability of the responsible director and of the owner or operator of the organization, as regards practices and their consequences. The grant of the operating right to a separate company, or the outsourcing of a laboratory service, does not automatically remove the liability under the legislation. [6]
In a compensation review, authority, fault, loss and the causal link must be made concrete. Not every adverse outcome proves fault in itself; nor does operating under a licence prove conclusively that there was no fault. The integrity of the records, the disclosure, the authority of the practitioner and the urgent referral process are important.
Where bodily injury or death occurs, criminal liability may also arise. Transfer of responsibility to another person in the contract does not transfer criminal liability arising from the person's own act. The assessment under Articles 85 to 89 of the Turkish Penal Code is made by reference to the characteristics of the event and the investigation of fault. [7]
Which risks does an insurance policy cover?
Business liability, professional liability, employer's liability, fire, electronic equipment, cyber risk and business interruption covers are all different. Where the description of the activity in the policy does not correspond to the facts, or where a health practice, open-air event or a particular unit is excluded from cover, the expected protection may not be provided.
Unlicensed activity, an undeclared increase in capacity and breaches of safety obligations are examined under the policy conditions. The existence of insurance does not replace legal permits. The time for notice after an event, the preservation of evidence and the authority to defend and settle should also be included in the management of the contract.
For details of the subject, reference may be made to the section on yacht maintenance and refit agreements.
For details of the subject, reference may be made to the section on marina and yacht harbour establishment: permits, EIA and operating process.
Administrative sanctions: refusal, sealing, demolition and fines
The basis of each sanction must be examined separately
Refusal of a licence application, prohibition of activity at a workplace, a stop-work record, demolition, cancellation of a tourism certificate and an administrative fine are different actions. More than one action may be founded on a single finding. The addressee, competent authority, reasoning, date of notification and route of challenge of each action should be recorded separately. [8][9]
The construction process under Article 32 of Zoning Law No. 3194 and the calculation of the fine under Article 42 are not the same examination. The possibility of licensing the building, the measurement of the breach, the building class, the responsible person and the grounds for increase must be made concrete. Where there is a breach of agricultural, coastal, forestry or protected area legislation, the special sanctions under those laws may also arise. [8]
It is not the rule that bringing an action against an administrative act automatically stays its execution. An application for a stay of execution must show both manifest unlawfulness and damage difficult or impossible to remedy. Loss of a season or the danger of demolition must be explained with concrete documents; a general statement of commercial loss alone will not be sufficient in every file. [10, Art. 27]
How should the Constitutional Court decision be used?
The Constitutional Court's decision E.2021/100, K.2024/174 annulled certain closure and licence cancellation provisions of Law No. 2634, and some sentences concerning luxury tents. The nine-month postponement period expired on 24 December 2025. The reasoning should be assessed in terms of the legal framework of the certification conditions and interference with fundamental rights. [11]
The strong legal question for the operator is whether the action applied to it is based on the provision that has been annulled. For the administration, it is important whether another provision in force, and a concrete safety or licensing breach, exists. The decision therefore neither removes every closure action automatically nor ends the obligation to obtain a certificate in its entirety.
The date of the action, whether an action has been brought, the entry into force of the decision and the other provisions to be applied are assessed together. The principle of non-retroactivity of Constitutional Court annulment decisions and their effect on a pending dispute cannot be disposed of in a single sentence. For earlier final actions and for ongoing litigation, a file-specific procedural examination is required.
What did the Council of State decision on luxury tents change?
In its decision of 2 December 2025, E.2023/13548, K.2025/6337, the 4th Chamber of the Council of State found unlawful the specific exception wording in former Article 5/2 of the Regulation, insofar as it concerns the natural environment and building framework of the law. Other provisions challenged in the action were also separately assessed. [12]
In a dispute, it must first be determined which dated text of the regulation was applied. A change in the provision after the action was brought does not turn the earlier practice and the new regulation into one rule. Because the decision indicates a route of appeal, the phrase "definitive precedent" should not be used before finality has been separately verified.
The effect on the investment contract is also concrete: an assumption in a supply or lease contract, based on the former regulation, may find no counterpart in the new permit file. The provisions of the contract on the parties' adaptation to changed mandatory conditions, additional cost and termination should address this possibility.
Distinctions to note in application and litigation time limits
| Application / dispute | General time framework | Critical distinction |
|---|---|---|
| Annulment of an administrative act | 60 days in the administrative court where no special period applies | Notification or publication and special procedure are checked separately |
| Tax lawsuit | 30 days where no special provision applies | Not all tourism disputes are tax lawsuits |
| Application under Article 10 of the İYUK | 30-day implied rejection regime | A waiting regime of at most four months for a non-final reply |
| Application under Article 11 of the İYUK | Made within the lawsuit period; 30-day reply regime | Suspends the period; the remaining period runs again |
| Application under Article 27 of the Misdemeanours Law | 15 days from service or notification under the general regime | The special judicial route and the connection under Article 27/8 are checked |
| Objection under Article 29 of the Misdemeanours Law | Two weeks from notification of the decision | Not to be confused with the time limit for the first application |
This table is not a calculation of the final day for a specific case. The procedure for service, electronic notification, holidays, special laws and the nature of the action must be separately assessed. It cannot be said that all administrative fines will be challenged in the same court and within the same time limit. The existence of another decision subject to administrative justice within the same action as the fine may affect the assessment of jurisdiction. [10][13]
Where an application is validly made under Article 11 of the İYUK, the time already elapsed is not erased; after rejection or an implied rejection the remaining period runs. Repeating the same petition on the same matter does not extend the lawsuit period indefinitely. Discussions with the administration or correspondence to complete missing documents do not in every case amount to an application that stops the lawsuit period.
Because of the amendments to the legal remedy provisions of the İYUK made by Law No. 7589 of 16 July 2026, the availability of appeal and appeal on points of law must be assessed on the current text. The period for the first-instance lawsuit and the subsequent period for legal remedies are different. Old monetary limits or old finality rules should not be used automatically. [10]
Mediation, courts and an evidence plan
The legal nature of the dispute determines the route of application
In disputes arising from a lease relationship, subject to the exceptions in the law, mediation as a condition precedent to litigation may arise. For certain commercial claims whose subject is money, and for consumer disputes, the conditions of mediation are regulated differently. The field of competence of the consumer arbitration committee and its annual monetary limit must be checked separately. Applying for private-law mediation in respect of the annulment of an administrative act does not automatically stop the administrative lawsuit period. [2][3][14]
Jurisdiction and arbitration clauses should also be assessed by reference to the status of the parties. A valid jurisdiction agreement between merchants is not the same as a standard jurisdiction term imposed on a consumer. A dispute over a licence or demolition relating to public law is not automatically referred to arbitration by an arbitration clause in a private contract.
Preserving evidence at the time of the event
| Claim | Main evidence to preserve | Possible defence of the other party |
|---|---|---|
| Permit availability was misrepresented | Written declaration, plan, institutional opinion, offer | That the information was a forecast rather than a guarantee |
| Delivery was late | Work programme, notice, delivery and payment records | A change to the project or delay by the employer |
| Unit is defective | Technical inspection, photographs, acceptance record | Misuse or late notice |
| Programme was incompletely provided | Sales page, reservation, programme and correspondence | That the change was accepted |
| Guest suffered injury | Incident report, maintenance, training, camera, health record | Absence of fault or of causation |
| Administrative fine is wrong | Record, measurement, projects, notification, calculation | That the breach was established and not remedied |
Where there is a risk that evidence may be lost, preservation of evidence under the Code of Civil Procedure (HMK) may be assessed, and where the conditions are met, an interim measure or precautionary attachment. Each of these has a different purpose and conditions. Taking photographs does not by itself resolve all problems that require a technical expert examination. [15]
While camera and health records are preserved, personal data obligations continue. Public disclosure of data that could serve as evidence in a dispute is not the same as its lawful retention for presentation to the competent authority. The operator should set up the evidence-preservation procedure together with its data access and retention policy.
Conclusion
Strong legal protection in tourism investments is achieved more through a correct allocation of risk and regular record-keeping than through a long contract. For the possibilities that a permit is not obtained, delivery is delayed, the service changes, an accident occurs or an administrative sanction is imposed, the responsible person, the action to be taken and the right to be used should be fixed from the outset.
When a dispute arises, however, it is not right to gather all the events under a single heading of "licence problem" or "breach of contract". The distinction between action and claim, the current legal basis, the competent forum, the time limit and the evidence plan should be established together. In this way, the protection of the investment rests on documents that can be examined and on legal options that can be applied, rather than on uncertain promises of outcome.
Frequently Asked Questions
If the licence is not granted, can I always recover the price paid for the land?
The result depends on the form of the contract, how the permit risk was allocated, the parties' statements and the reason the permit was not obtained. A failure to obtain a licence does not in every contract create an automatic right of refund.
Is every contract called an "operating agreement" a lease?
No. The transfer of the right of use, the direction of payment, to whom income and expenses belong, and the arrangements for staff and representation are assessed together. The title of the contract is not decisive on its own.
Can an online hotel reservation always be cancelled within fourteen days?
Accommodation for a specific date or period is among the exceptions to the general distance-contract right of withdrawal. However, contractual cancellation, defective service, impossibility and package tour rights are assessed separately.
Does a guest's risk acceptance form release the operator from liability?
Not in every case. Information, fault, professional authority and the mandatory rules on liability are examined. A general form does not replace maintenance and safety obligations.
If I bring an action against a closure decision, can the business keep operating?
As a rule, an annulment action does not automatically stop the execution of the act. An application for a stay of execution and other legal conditions relating to the activity must be separately assessed.
Is the period for objecting to an administrative fine fifteen days or two weeks?
Under the general regime of the Misdemeanours Law, the first application period under Article 27 is fifteen days. The period for objecting to the court decision under Article 29 is two weeks. Special laws and jurisdictional rules are also checked.
Did the Constitutional Court's tourism decision give all facilities without certificates the right to operate?
No. The decision annulled certain sanction provisions. The certificate obligation, other bases of sanction and the date of the concrete action are assessed separately.
On a business transfer, to whom do earlier reservation advances belong?
The transfer contract, the relationship established with the guest and the applicable statutory liability provisions are examined together. Advances and services not yet provided must be clearly shown in the transfer inventory.
Sources and legal bases
- [1] Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098 (Türk Borçlar Kanunu), in particular Arts. 19–25, 49, 66, 69, 112–125, 136–138, 177–182, 202, 219 et seq., 237, 299 et seq., 357 et seq., 470 et seq. and 576–578. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi.
- [2] Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 (Türk Ticaret Kanunu), in particular Arts. 5/A, 18 and 22; Labour Law No. 4857 (İş Kanunu), Art. 6. Law No. 6102; Law No. 4857.
- [3] Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection (Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun), in particular Arts. 5, 13–16, 48, 51, 68, 73 and 73/A. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi.
- [4] Regulation on Package Tour Contracts (Paket Tur Sözleşmeleri Yönetmeliği); Law No. 1618 on Travel Agencies and the Association of Travel Agencies (Seyahat Acentaları ve Seyahat Acentaları Birliği Kanunu). Ministry of Trade package tour announcement. For hotel–agency relations, Regulation on the Relations of Tourism Enterprises with the Ministry, with One Another and with Their Customers.
- [5] Regulation on Distance Contracts (Mesafeli Sözleşmeler Yönetmeliği), in particular Arts. 5 and 15. Current Ministry of Trade announcement.
- [6] Wellness Services Regulation (Esenlik Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği), Official Gazette of 4 July 2026, No. 33300, in particular Arts. 5 and 10–14. Ministry of Health text.
- [7] Law No. 5237, Turkish Penal Code (Türk Ceza Kanunu), in particular Arts. 85, 89 and, depending on the event, Art. 184. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi.
- [8] Zoning Law No. 3194 (İmar Kanunu), Arts. 32 and 42. Consolidated text.
- [9] Law No. 2634 on the Encouragement of Tourism (Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu), Art. 5 and Arts. 30–34. Consolidated text.
- [10] Law No. 2577 on Administrative Procedure (İdari Yargılama Usulü Kanunu, İYUK), Arts. 7, 10–13, 27, 45–46; amendments by Law No. 7589. Consolidated text.
- [11] Constitutional Court, 17 October 2024, E.2021/100, K.2024/174, Official Gazette of 24 March 2025, No. 32851; in particular the certification sanctions, the provisions on luxury tents and the section on entry into force. Constitutional Court record; accessible full text of the decision.
- [12] Council of State 4th Chamber, 2 December 2025, E.2023/13548, K.2025/6337. Official text of the decision.
- [13] Law No. 5326 on Misdemeanours (Kabahatler Kanunu), in particular Arts. 3 and 27–29. Consolidated text.
- [14] Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes (Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu), in particular Arts. 18/A–18/B. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi.
- [15] Law No. 6100 on Civil Procedure (Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu), in particular Arts. 4, 17, 190, 389 et seq. and 400 et seq.; Law No. 2004 on Enforcement and Bankruptcy (İcra ve İflas Kanunu), Arts. 257 et seq. Law No. 6100; Law No. 2004.
- [16] Regulation on the Certification of Simple Accommodation Facilities and Beach Operations, Art. 7/8; amendment in Official Gazette of 26 August 2026, No. 33352. Consolidated text.