Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Purchase: Title, Valuation and Payment Risks

When buying real estate in Türkiye for citizenship purposes, merely reaching the USD 400,000 threshold is not sufficient. The buyer’s right to acquire, the nature of the property and its ownership history, the acceptable investment amount, the bank records and the three-year undertaking must be reviewed together. Independently of these, the property purchased must be legally protectable and economically usable. Eligibility for citizenship and a secure investment are two separate outcomes of the same review. [1][2][3]

The most effective legal check is carried out before earnest money (kapora) is paid and before any binding obligation is undertaken. After the title deed is transferred, it may be possible to complete a missing document; but an unsuitable property, an invalid power of representation or a payment that was in fact never made cannot be corrected afterwards by drawing up documents. This guide explains which documents must be assessed together, from the decision to buy through to the citizenship file.

The Difference Between the Investment Requirement and the Citizenship Decision

Article 20/2-b of the Regulation on the Implementation of the Turkish Citizenship Law provides for the purchase of immovable property of the specified type for at least USD 400,000 or the equivalent in foreign currency, and for an annotation that the property will not be sold for three years to be entered in the land registry records. For immovable property on which condominium ownership or a servitude of floor ownership (kat irtifakı) has been established, a notarial promise-to-sell route is also possible, with the required amount paid up front and an annotation of the undertaking not to transfer or cancel for three years. The documents and legal consequences of these two routes are not the same. [2]

The investment’s being found suitable by the competent authority does not by itself confer citizenship. Article 10/2 of the Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901 provides that the existence of the conditions does not confer an absolute right, while Article 12 regulates acquisition by Presidential decision, provided that there is no obstacle in terms of national security and public order. The seller’s promise of citizenship does not bind the public authority. However, the seller’s false statements about the property, or special obligations it has undertaken, may give rise to liability under private law. [1]

For this reason, the property’s eligibility should be separated in the contract from the possibility of rejection arising from the buyer’s personal circumstances. For example, a transfer history concealed by the seller and an adverse finding in the buyer’s security review cannot be regulated as the same risk. In the first case, the basis for a claim against the seller may be stronger; in the second, no automatic refund follows merely because citizenship was not granted. The contract, the cause and the proof are decisive. [8]

For a comparison with the other investment routes, see our article on the advantages and disadvantages of the investment types.

Which Property and Which Buyer Are Eligible for This Route

The ability of a foreign national to acquire real estate in Türkiye is a precondition. Under Article 35 of the Land Registry Law, the restrictions relating to the country of nationality and to the property, the thirty-hectare limit per person nationwide, and the rule that foreign acquisitions may not exceed ten percent of the surface area of the district that is subject to private ownership are assessed together. The President also has powers to increase the amount and to restrict acquisitions. The district limit is not a personal quota giving every foreigner the right to acquire ten percent of the district. [4]

In purchasing for citizenship, properties on which condominium ownership or a servitude of floor ownership has been established, and plots registered as building plots (arsa) with a structure on them, fall within the scope of the Regulation. A high price for an empty plot is not sufficient. For a plot with a structure, the registry classification, the legality of the structure and the occupancy permit must be investigated. In the promise-to-sell route, the condominium ownership or servitude-of-floor-ownership requirement is additionally required. Suitable independent units other than residences may also be considered; the system is not limited to the purchase of apartments only. [2][3]

It is important that the investment be made in the name of the applicant as a natural person. Real estate acquired in the name of a spouse, child or the applicant’s company is not automatically added to the applicant’s personal investment amount. By contrast, the status of a foreign spouse and of foreign children who are minors or dependent within the scope of Article 12/1-b of Law No. 5901 is assessed separately, with documents showing the family relationship and the other conditions. An application within a family should not be confused with aggregating the separate properties of family members as a single investment. [1][3]

In the purchase route, completing the amount with more than one eligible property is possible. In the promise-to-sell route, by contrast, there is a rule that the required amount be provided under a single agreement; more than one property may be shown in the same agreement. Completing a shortfall in the purchase amount with a separate promise to sell, or dividing a property into shares and offering it to more than one foreigner as a citizenship investment, raises different problems. According to the explanation of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü, TKGM), properties acquired in co-ownership shares after February 1, 2023 cannot be used for citizenship; for earlier transactions, the date of acquisition is assessed separately. [3]

Title Review Is More Than Reading the Owner’s Name

A photograph of the title deed does not show the state of the registry on the day of the transaction. In the current record, the block (ada), parcel (parsel), building (blok), floor, independent unit, surface area, land share and owner details should be matched with the physical place being sold. The registry and documents may be examined provided that an interest is made credible. Claiming not to know the record in the land registry is not a credible defense in light of Article 1020 of the Turkish Civil Code. [5]

If the seller is a company, the trade registry and the form of representation should be checked; if the seller acts through an attorney-in-fact, the scope and current validity of the power of attorney should be checked. A marketing company’s presenting the project does not by itself show authority to sell on behalf of the owner or to collect the price. In a sale by power of attorney, the special authority required for acts such as transferring the property and encumbering it with a real right is assessed separately. That the person who signs is different from the person who receives the price is a matter that must be explained in the file. [8]

That the present seller is a Turkish citizen does not end the review of eligibility for citizenship. Facts such as a previous foreign owner, closeness to the applicant, a connection through company shareholding, a seller who acquired citizenship by investment, and the use of the property in earlier citizenship transactions should be investigated in light of the current TKGM rules. It is also incorrect to present any past ownership by a foreigner as an indefinite and unconditional prohibition; the date of transfer and the nature of the transaction matter. [3]

The effects of a mortgage, attachment, usufruct, promise to sell, family residence and litigation records differ from one another. Not every encumbrance in the registry prevents a sale in the same way; and that a sale can be made does not show that it will be accepted for citizenship. In transactions involving a mortgage or attachment, the investment account and the creditor’s rights are examined separately. A lawsuit or enforcement record that could lead to a change of ownership, in particular a notation under Article 150/c of Law No. 2004 on Enforcement and Bankruptcy, should be clarified with the land registry office before the transaction. [3][5]

The seller’s saying that the debt will be paid off is not a sufficient safeguard. The debt balance, the release (fek) condition, to whom the money will be sent and the order of the removal from the registry should be put in writing. Even if the buyer does not personally assume the debt, the buyer may face an enforced sale of the mortgaged property. The three-year citizenship undertaking should not be regarded as a protection that eliminates the rights of earlier creditors. [3][5]

Zoning, Delivery and Contractor Purchase Risks

That a servitude of floor ownership has been established does not mean that the building has been completed or is fit for habitation. The construction permit, approved project, occupancy permit, actual use and registry classification should be reviewed together. Whether the area shown in the sales office is net or gross, and the legal status of annexes, parking and common areas, should be compared with the contract annexes. The permit, use and violation issues under Articles 21, 30 and 32 of the Zoning Law may have consequences that are independent of the citizenship amount calculation. [6]

A valuation report does not replace a detailed earthquake performance assessment. Technical expert review is required for the physical safety of the building, and legal review for delivery, defects and use. In a leased property, the new owner as a rule becomes a party to the lease relationship. Purchasing for citizenship purposes is not a special ground for eviction that would enable the tenant to be removed immediately. The delivery date and the expectation of vacant delivery should be assessed together with the existing lease documents. [8]

The Limit of the Decision That Protects Reliance on the Land Registry

In projects based on construction contracts in return for a land share, the contractor’s failure to perform its obligations toward the landowner may also affect the buyer. The Grand General Assembly for Unification of Case Law of the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay İçtihatları Birleştirme Büyük Genel Kurulu), in its decision dated May 16, 2025, E.2024/1, K.2025/2, accepted that the good-faith claims of third parties who acquire a real right from the contractor be heard. Thus, the approach under which a third party’s title is automatically left unprotected because of the invalidity or retroactive termination of the contract between the landowner and the contractor has been departed from. [7]

The protection is not unconditional. The decision expressly states that the property may revert to the landowner in respect of third parties who were not in good faith at the time of acquisition. A close relationship, an unusually low price, rapid transfers or known contradictions between the registry and the documents may be significant in the assessment. Acquiring a personal right merely through a promise to sell is not the same as acquiring a real right in reliance on the land registry. [5][7]

İlyas Sağlam’s review of the decision likewise discusses the criticisms directed at the earlier practice and the importance of the presumption of good faith. This academic assessment does not say that every project purchase is safe. The practicable result for the buyer is to investigate the relationship between the landowner and the contractor, the existing security and the known disputes, and to keep records of the review. [18]

Valuation Report and Amount Determination Certificate

The sale price, the market value of the property and the investment amount accepted for citizenship must be kept distinct from one another. Agreeing with the seller on a price equivalent to USD 430,000 does not guarantee that this amount will be accepted in the citizenship file. The official transaction price, the bank payments and the applicable value-determination procedure are each examined separately. The tax value or the advertised price cannot be used in place of this review. [2][3]

According to the current explanation of TKGM, the Amount Determination Certificate (Tutar Tespit Belgesi), that is, the TTB, is produced from the report of a valuation institution authorized by the Capital Markets Board (SPK) and is sent to the TAKBIS/WebTapu system through TADEBIS. Submitting a physical document does not replace the electronic record. The current explanation provides that the period between the TTB and the application for the citizenship-purpose transaction must not exceed twelve months. For this reason, the information from the earlier practice on a single institution or a six-month period should not be used unchanged in a current transaction. [9]

Transactions to which public bodies are party, and sales by real estate investment trusts (GYO), must be examined separately. In GYO transactions in particular, the Public Disclosure Platform (KAP) report issued before the transaction and containing the value of the relevant independent unit, the options of a new report as the basis for the TTB and, where necessary, the opinion of TKGM may come into play. The seller’s stating that it is a GYO does not mean that no review of value is needed. [9]

In checking the report, attention should be paid to the correct independent unit, the type of use, the area, the physical condition and the valuation date. If there is a clerical error, a reasoned correction is requested with supporting documents. Stating an untrue value in order to exceed the threshold, or covering a low value merely by raising the contract price, is not a solution. The TTB is the document that assesses the investment amount; the eligibility certificate and the decision to grant citizenship are later, separate acts. [3][9]

DAB and Consistency in Payment Records

The Foreign Currency Purchase Document (Döviz Alım Belgesi, DAB) shows the record of the sale to the Central Bank, through a bank in Türkiye, of the foreign currency relating to the price of the property. The DAB does not by itself prove that the seller received the price. The payment made to the seller must also be shown with bank records; the applicant, the property, the amount and the link to the transaction must be traceable in the documents. The sequence of converting the foreign currency, transferring it to the seller and registering the title should be planned with the bank before payment is made. [2][3]

A payment from a third party’s account, or to another related person, is not automatically treated as invalid in every case. In TKGM practice, an assessment of a reasonable connection with the parties is made. However, an unexplained transfer to an intermediary’s personal account, an unrelated company account or split payments may create significant problems of proof. The power of representation, the legal relationship, the payment instruction and the bank receipt (dekont) should be filed together. A receipt obtained only from the seller does not take the place of the necessary banking documents. [3]

The payment table should show, for each transfer, the date, sender, beneficiary, currency, amount, bank reference and the relevant property. The reason for any difference between the DAB and the bank receipt should be shown; the date and type of document to be used in the exchange-rate calculation should be separated. Recalculating every document at a single current rate is not the correct approach. Commissions, fees, taxes and service expenses other than the price of the property should not be treated as part of the price that completes the investment threshold. [3]

In a hypothetical example, let the acceptable price for an eligible property be USD 385,000 and the other expenses USD 20,000. The total budget’s reaching USD 405,000 does not remedy the shortfall in the real estate investment. Likewise, a USD 420,000 valuation does not make up for the fact that a payment of USD 385,000 was actually made. The threshold is different from the total amount spent. [2][3]

Effect of a False DAB Document on Citizenship

In its decision dated February 5, 2026, E.2024/405, K.2026/361, the 10th Chamber of the Council of State (Danıştay 10. Daire) examined the cancellation of a real estate investment determination document and the withdrawal of citizenship because of DAB documents that were contrary to the facts. The claimant’s assertion that it had made payments to the contractor and that an acquired right existed was not regarded as sufficient; the action was dismissed on the conclusion that the lawful investment condition did not exist at the time of acquisition. The fact that no separate action had been filed for annulment of the eligibility certificate was also included in the reasoning. [10]

The concrete file in the decision relates to the earlier period of the USD 250,000 threshold; this amount is not today’s investment limit. Moreover, the published decision is open to appeal on points of law. The practicable lesson is that leaving the transaction to an intermediary does not remove the need to verify the real investment and the bank documents. A document has meaning not merely by being in the file but by being verifiable against the bank record. [10]

Current Timeline for the Secure Payment System

Supplementary Article 1 of the Regulation on Real Estate Trade regulates the payment system that ensures that a sales price paid by the specified methods changes hands simultaneously with ownership. By the amendment dated October 1, 2026, the date in the transitional provision was changed to December 1, 2026. It is therefore not correct to say that, as of October 12, 2026, the system is mandatory in all sales. Any new postponement, the scope of the protocol and the implementation announcements should be checked separately on the date of the transaction. [11]

In sales financed by credit, the regulation provides for use of the system for payments other than the loan amount. This exception does not mean that the citizenship requirement will be met with every loan. Details such as the scope of the system, the pilot implementation and the usage fee are determined within the framework of the relevant protocol. The payment service currently offered by the bank and the implementation of the new mandatory system should not be treated as the same. [11]

Secure payment is a tool aimed at reducing the risk of the price being released at the wrong time; it does not guarantee the property’s eligibility for citizenship or the completion of the building. For a foreign buyer, the compatibility of the DAB, the payment recipient, simultaneity and the bank evidence required for citizenship with the system should be confirmed in writing. The earnest money, the blocked amount, the mortgage release payment and the remaining sale price should be planned as separate items.

Promise to Sell and Purchase at the Project Stage

The official form of a real estate sale and the acquisition of ownership by registration are the basic rules. Notaries also have the authority to draw up (düzenleme) real estate sale agreements under Article 61/A of the Notary Law. However, a promise to sell executed by a notary is not a completed sale of real estate; it essentially gives rise to a right to demand transfer in the future. Nor can certification of only the signature on the agreement be equated with a promise to sell in the form of notarial execution. [5][8][12]

When a promise to sell is preferred for citizenship, what matters are payment of the required amount up front, the property’s character as condominium ownership or a servitude of floor ownership, and the three-year undertaking not to transfer or cancel in the registry. A project’s installment sales campaign does not by itself change the up-front payment condition required for citizenship. Because a significant amount is paid before the title deed is obtained, delivery and refund safeguards should be established separately. [2][3]

A foreign buyer who is not acting for commercial or professional purposes may be regarded as a consumer, depending on the nature of the specific transaction. It is not correct to treat every foreign investor automatically as a consumer. In a pre-paid housing sale that has the character of a consumer transaction, Articles 40–46 of Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection apply: a contract cannot be concluded without a permit; pre-contractual information is required at least one day beforehand; and neither payment nor a debt-creating document may be requested before a valid contract is formed. Non-compliance with the required form is not a defense that the seller can freely use against the consumer. [13]

In rescission without cause, compensation of two percent for the first three months, four percent between three and six months, six percent between six and twelve months, and up to eight percent between twelve and twenty-four months may be requested; the relevant statutory expenses are assessed separately. In the exceptions in the Law, such as the seller’s failing to perform its obligations at all or properly, these deductions cannot be applied automatically. The time limit, notice and refund regimes of withdrawal and rescission must not be confused with each other. According to the Ministry’s guide, in withdrawal the refund is made at the latest within fourteen days from the notice reaching the seller. [13][14]

For projects with thirty or more housing units, the conditions for building completion insurance or the alternative security provided in the legislation should be investigated. Having fewer than thirty does not remove the other consumer protections. The policy, bank letter of guarantee or progress payment system should not be merely named in the contract; its scope, beneficiary, amount and period of validity must be seen. In pre-paid housing, the notice of withdrawal or rescission through a notary and the refund procedure must also be followed separately. [14]

How Should the Earnest Money, Contract and Power of Attorney Be Drafted

Calling a payment earnest money does not mean that the buyer will lose this money in every case. The binding deposit (bağlanma parası) in Article 177 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TBK) is different from the withdrawal payment (cayma parası) in Article 178. The validity of the contract, what the parties agreed and the mandatory rights granted to the consumer are examined together. A high-value earnest money payment with unclear conditions, taken before the review is completed, may reduce the buyer’s bargaining power. [8][13]

The contract should state clearly the identity of the property and its annexes, the real price, the payment recipient, the removal of existing encumbrances, the delivery date and that the sale is made for citizenship purposes. It should regulate who will provide which document in the event of a problem of value or eligibility; the time allowed for correction; the refund if the condition is not met; and, for the refund, the currency, the calculation and the expenses. The seller’s statement of eligibility alone does not take the place of a documented refund mechanism.

The existence of a contractual penalty, interest or security does not by itself guarantee collection. The seller’s assets, the liability of the party providing the security and the validity of the safeguard document should be assessed separately. The parties may wish to leave some risks with the buyer; however, not every exclusion of liability in a standard contract is valid. Review for gross fault, unfair terms and special statutory provisions remains reserved. [8][13]

The power of attorney should be prepared in proportion to the transaction. The authority to buy, to carry out bank transactions, to collect the price, to resell, to mortgage and to cancel the undertaking should not be regarded as covered by the same scope. For documents drawn up abroad, the applicable certification or apostille and translation procedure should be checked. An apostille concerns the document’s chain of verification; it does not by itself show that the representative has sufficient special authority for the transaction. [8][12]

Documents to Keep After the Title Transfer and Routes of Recourse

Once the transaction is completed, a current registry record should be obtained and the property and undertaking details checked. The three-year period should not be treated as automatically starting from the date the citizenship decision is announced; the relevant undertaking record and the type of transaction should be taken as the basis. The conversion of a promise to sell into a sale or the cancellation of the undertaking are separate registry transactions. An early sale and the loss of the investment condition may lead to notification and re-examination in terms of eligibility and citizenship. [2][3][15]

After the eligibility determination, the residence and citizenship files are conducted separately. The title deed, valuation, TTB, DAB, bank receipts, official contract, power of attorney, translations, registry records and administrative letters should be kept in a single file. If there are differences among the name, descent and marital status documents of family members, the reasons should be documented. For the general application framework, the firm’s explanation of citizenship services may also be reviewed. [15]

If a dispute arises, a claim under private law against the seller and an application against the administration are kept separate. Requesting transfer, refund, defect remedy or compensation of damage from the seller does not replace an annulment action against an eligibility or citizenship rejection act. In administrative actions, if there is no special time limit, the general time limit is sixty days; the starting point and the effect of an administrative application, if any, are calculated on the basis of the specific notification. A timely administrative application under Article 11 of the Administrative Procedure Law No. 2577 (İYUK) suspends the time for filing an action, if its conditions are met; after a rejection, the time that elapsed beforehand is taken into account. Filing an action does not by itself stay the act. The jurisdiction of the Council of State for first-instance review of Presidential decisions and the competent court for other administrative acts must be determined separately. [16][19]

The consumer character, the type and the amount of the claim affect the competent forum and the assessment of mediation as a condition precedent to litigation. In actions concerning the real right in an immovable, the exclusive territorial jurisdiction of the place where the property is located is important. Where necessary, preservation of evidence, an interim injunction or, if the conditions are met, a precautionary attachment for a monetary claim is considered; these are not automatic measures that can be used in place of one another. Court fees, expenses, security and the risk of the opposing party’s attorney fee award (vekâlet ücreti) should also be included in the plan of the claim. [13][17]

The routes to follow if a citizenship decision is later canceled are described in our article on cancellation and withdrawal of citizenship.

Order of Review to Apply Before Payment

The order below makes the result of the review visible through documents. The discovery of a problem at one stage does not always mean that the transaction is impossible; but it is important that no payment that is difficult to reverse be made until the problem is resolved.

Conclusion

A safe decision on citizenship through real estate requires a broader review than looking at the price and the title deed. The right to acquire, the protection of ownership, the eligibility of the citizenship investment and the proof of payment must be analyzed together. A favorable result in one may not remedy a deficiency in another.

The buyer’s strongest protection is to evaluate the document and the contract on the same sequence of events before the transaction, rather than seeking a solution after paying for a property whose eligibility is uncertain. The current valuation and payment rules, the real bank transactions and an enforceable refund safeguard should form the basis of the decision to buy.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can every USD 400,000 property be used for citizenship?

No. In addition to the price, the buyer’s right to acquire, the nature of the property, the transfer history, the determination of value, and the payment and undertaking conditions are examined. Details are in the section on property and buyer eligibility.

If the valuation report is high, is a missing payment treated as completed?

No. A high valuation does not make up for a payment that was not made or an insufficient official transaction price. The documents must verify the same investment, each within its own rules. See the valuation section.

Does the DAB prove that payment was made to the seller?

It does not prove it by itself. Foreign currency conversion and the transfer made to the seller are different transactions; a link must be established through bank receipts. See the payment records section.

Is the six-month period for the TTB still valid?

The current TKGM explanation states a twelve-month period up to the application for the citizenship-purpose transaction. For older files, the transaction date and the text that applied must be examined separately. See the TTB explanation.

Is the secure payment system mandatory as of October 2026?

The start date of the general requirement was moved to December 1, 2026 by the amendment of October 1, 2026. The new regulation and the scope of implementation on the date of the transaction should be checked again. See the current timeline section.

Do I become the owner immediately with a notarial promise to sell?

No. Ownership of the property does not pass by itself through a promise to sell. Whether it can be used for citizenship also depends on special payment and annotation conditions. See the promise-to-sell section.

If citizenship is not granted, will the seller necessarily refund the money?

Such a result does not arise in every case. The reason for the rejection, the seller’s statements and debts, the refund conditions in the contract and the applicable consumer provisions are examined. See the contract section.

Should I keep the bank documents after the citizenship decision is issued?

Yes. The investment conditions may also be examined later; a document contrary to the facts may affect the eligibility and citizenship decision. See the review of the DAB decision.

Sources and legal bases

[1] Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, especially Arts. 10, 12, 31 and 40. Legislation Information System (Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi).

[2] Regulation on the Implementation of the Turkish Citizenship Law, especially Art. 20. Current text.

[3] TKGM, guides and implementation notes on citizenship through real estate acquisition. Current documents; Acquisition of Citizenship; Real Estate Acquisition Guide. For the basic distinctions among transactions, see also the text on LEXPERA of the guide dated February 1, 2024; for valuation and payment updates, [9] and [11].

[4] Land Registry Law No. 2644, Arts. 35–36. Legislation Information System.

[5] Turkish Civil Code No. 4721, Arts. 3, 194, 705–706, 1009, 1020 and 1023–1025. Legislation Information System.

[6] Zoning Law No. 3194, Arts. 21, 30 and 32; Condominium Ownership Law No. 634. Zoning Law; Condominium Ownership Law.

[7] Grand General Assembly for Unification of Case Law of the Court of Cassation, May 16, 2025, E.2024/1, K.2025/2; Official Gazette (Resmî Gazete), July 18, 2025, issue 32959. Full text of the decision.

[8] Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098, especially Arts. 112, 115, 117, 123–125, 177–182, 237, 310 and 504. Legislation Information System.

[9] TKGM, Your Key Türkiye, explanation of the Amount Determination Certificate, current explanation including the September 2026 changes. TTB explanation.

[10] Council of State 10th Chamber, February 5, 2026, E.2024/405, K.2026/361. Full text of the decision.

[11] Regulation on Real Estate Trade, Supplementary Art. 1 and Transitional Art. 1/10; amendment dated October 1, 2026, Official Gazette issue 33387. Current Regulation; Amendment text.

[12] Notary Law No. 1512, especially Arts. 60, 61/A and 89. Legislation Information System.

[13] Consumer Protection Law No. 6502, Arts. 3, 5, 40–46, 73 and 73/A. Legislation Information System.

[14] Ministry of Trade (Ticaret Bakanlığı), Information on Pre-Paid Housing Sales Contracts, March 5, 2026. Consumer information guide.

[15] Directorate General of Population and Citizenship Affairs (Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, NVİ), Procedures and Principles Concerning the Exceptional Citizenship of Foreign Investors, especially Arts. 3–8. Procedures and Principles.

[16] Administrative Procedure Law No. 2577, Arts. 7, 11 and 27. Legislation Information System.

[17] Law No. 6100, Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 12, 389–392 and 400–406; Law No. 2004 on Enforcement and Bankruptcy, Art. 257. Code of Civil Procedure; Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law.

[18] İlyas Sağlam, “The Effect of the Decision of the Grand General Assembly for Unification of Case Law of the Court of Cassation Dated May 16, 2025, E.2024/1, K.2025/2 on the Legal Position of the ‘Third (?)’ Person Who Purchases an Independent Unit from the Contractor When the Landowner Withdraws from the Construction Contract in Return for a Land Share” (Turkish original: “Yargıtay İçtihadı Birleştirme Büyük Genel Kurulunun T.16.05.2025, E.2024/1, K.2025/2 Sayılı Kararının Arsa Sahibinin Arsa Payı Karşılığı İnşaat Sözleşmesinden Dönmesi Hâlinde Yükleniciden Bağımsız Bölüm Satın Alan ‘Üçüncü (?)’ Kişinin Hukuki Durumuna Etkisi”), Marmara University Faculty of Law Journal of Legal Research (MÜHF-HAD), 31(2), 2025, pp. 1661–1699, especially pp. 1689–1691. DOI:10.33433/maruhad.1793613. Article.

[19] Law No. 2575 on the Council of State, Art. 24/1-a. Legislation Information System.