Trademark Law

Pre-Registration Trademark Search and Protection Strategy

A search conducted before a trademark application should not be limited to looking for identical words. Similar pronunciation, spelling, visual layout, a shared dominant element, meaning in a foreign language, conceptual proximity and the relationship between the intended goods or services should also be assessed.

Within the legal review before filing:

• Whether the mark is distinctive
• Whether it contains descriptive or misleading wording, or a term that is free for everyone to use
• Whether it conflicts with public order, official signs, geographical indications or other protected values
• Visual, aural or conceptual similarity to earlier marks and applications
• Whether the classes of goods and services are identical, similar or related
• Earlier trade names, business names, domain names, designs, copyrights or personality rights
• Earlier actual use in Türkiye and any claim of an acquired right
• The risk of bad-faith applications and trademark hijacking
• Export, licensing, franchise and target-country plans
• Whether the word mark and the logo need to be applied for separately
• Protection of different spellings and language versions of the mark
• Future expansion of products and services

are examined together.

Depending on the concrete risks, the following options are assessed after the search: filing the application as is, changing the mark, narrowing the scope, filing separate applications for the word and the logo, negotiating with the earlier rights holder, or choosing a different mark.

Word, logo, figurative, color, sound, motion, three-dimensional and other signs are assessed on the conditions that the mark be distinctive and that the subject of protection can be shown clearly and precisely in the register. The same presentation and search method is not used for every type of sign.

Basis: 1

Trademark Application and Registration Process in Türkiye

Trademark registration applications in Türkiye are processed before the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office. The application must be formally complete, the sign and the applicant must be correctly identified, the list of goods and services must be consistent with the activity, and the steps must be followed within the statutory time limits. Proceedings before TÜRKPATENT are carried out in coordination with an authorized trademark representative, depending on the nature of the application.

The application process generally consists of the following stages:

• Verification of the trademark and applicant information
• Search for similarity and registrability
• Preparation of the list of goods and services according to the Nice Classification
• Filing the application through the electronic system
• Formal examination and the Office’s examination on absolute grounds for refusal
• Any deficiency, partial refusal, or comments and appeal against a refusal decision
• Publication of the application in the Official Trademark Bulletin
• Handling third-party oppositions and requests for proof of use
• Payment of the registration fee within the time limit and obtaining the certificate
• Tracking of renewal, register changes and evidence of use

Keeping the list of goods and services broader than necessary may create cost and the risk of non-use; keeping it narrower than necessary may leave actual activities outside protection. The application text should take into account not only today’s activity but also realistic growth and licensing plans; areas that will not be used should not be added merely to create the impression of broad protection.

Registration is the basic stage of the application; it does not replace the use, monitoring and renewal of the trademark or its protection against infringements.

The list of goods and services is compared with the current classification communiqué published on February 26, 2026. In services for the bringing together of goods in Class 35, it must be stated clearly which goods are covered. The goods class for the product itself and a sales service do not provide the same protection.

Basis: 1, 3

Opposition to Trademark Publication and Response to the Opposition

If a trademark application published by TÜRKPATENT conflicts with an earlier trademark or other rights, opposition to publication may be filed within the statutory time limit. The opposition must be substantiated not merely by listing trademark numbers but on the basis of the similarity of the signs, the relationship between goods and services, likelihood of confusion, well-known status, the earlier right, bad faith and concrete market conditions.

Main grounds that may be examined in an opposition to publication:

• Likelihood of confusion with an earlier registered trademark or application
• Protection of a well-known trademark
• Application by an unauthorized representative or commercial agent
• Earlier actual ownership of the right and use as a trademark
• An earlier right in a trade name or business name
• Copyright, design, personality right or another industrial property right
• Bad-faith application
• The application having the purpose of taking advantage of another’s commercial effort

When preparing a response to the opposition on behalf of the applicant, the following are assessed: the absence of similarity and of proximity between goods and services, the scope of the earlier mark’s distinctive strength, coexistence in the market, acquired right, consent, proof of use, and the actual scope of protection the opponent can rely on.

Where proof of use can be requested depending on the registration period of the earlier trademark, the request must be submitted within the time limit and in the proper form. Proof of use can directly affect the scope and outcome of the opposition.

An opposition to publication is filed within two months from the publication of the application in the Official Trademark Bulletin, with its grounds and the fee transactions made in accordance with the procedure. A third-party observation and an opposition to publication that confers party status are different. The Office grants a one-month period for the response to an opposition to publication. The request for proof of use must also be made clearly and in writing within the response period; the conditions of the application and the notification records are checked separately.

Proof of Use of the Trademark

Sustainable protection of a registered trademark right requires, in certain cases, showing that the trademark is being used in Türkiye genuinely and as a trademark. Use that is symbolic, solely aimed at preserving the right, or not connected to the scope of registration may not be sufficient.

In the examination of use:

• Whether the use takes place in Türkiye
• On which goods or services the trademark is used
• The duration, frequency, scope and commercial volume of use
• Whether use in a form different from the registered form alters the distinctive character
• Whether the use is by the trademark owner, a licensee or a person permitted to use it
• The connection of export, online sales and digital service use with Türkiye
• Whether non-use rests on a justified reason

are assessed.

Just as an invoice alone is not always sufficient, an individual screenshot of an advertisement may also fail to show actual sales or provision of services. Invoices, contracts, catalogs, packaging, labels, product photographs, delivery records, advertising spend, internet archives, marketplace records, dealer documents, customs documents and financial records should be filed together with their dates and their connection to the product.

Instead of creating evidence of use after a dispute arises, it is recommended to keep a regular trademark use archive from the date of registration.

Proof of use in an opposition to publication depends on the conditions in Articles 6/1 and 19/2 of the Industrial Property Law. The trademark on which the opposition is based must have been registered in Türkiye for at least five years on the filing or priority date of the application subject to the opposition. A request for proof of use does not automatically apply to all grounds for refusal.

Basis: 1, 2

Appeals Against TÜRKPATENT Decisions, the Re-examination and Evaluation Board (YİDK) and Annulment Actions

Depending on the nature of the decision, an appeal before the Re-examination and Evaluation Board may arise against decisions TÜRKPATENT issues on a trademark application, an opposition to publication or a related transaction. The YİDK review is the final administrative stage within the Office; matters that were not submitted or not sufficiently explained in the first appeal may not always be remedied in subsequent proceedings.

In a YİDK application:

• The legal and factual bases of the first decision
• The entire application and opposition file
• Similarity and likelihood of confusion
• The scope of the goods and services
• Proof of use and the connection of the evidence to the relevant period
• Evidence of well-known status and bad faith
• Consent, acquired right and earlier decisions
• The possibility of partial refusal or partial acceptance

are assessed separately.

An annulment action against the final decision of the Re-examination and Evaluation Board may be filed before the Ankara Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights Civil Court (Ankara Fikrî ve Sınai Haklar Hukuk Mahkemesi) within two months from notification of the decision. Depending on the nature of the dispute, an invalidation request directed at the trademark applicant or owner and a request to annul the Office decision may need to be pursued together or in connection with each other.

The time limit for appealing an Office decision is two months from notification of the decision. The grounds of appeal and fee transactions are completed within this period; no new ground of appeal can be added after the time limit. The time limit for an action against a Board decision starts to run separately, from the notification of the final decision.

Basis: 1, 4

Trademark Invalidation Actions

Invalidation of a trademark concerns removal of the registration from the register by court decision on the basis of absolute or relative grounds for refusal that existed from the outset. Invalidation and revocation of a trademark for reasons that arise later are not the same legal institution.

Main situations that may be the subject of an invalidation request:

• The trademark lacking distinctiveness or being descriptive
• The sign being used by everyone or being established in trade
• Containing a sign that is misleading, contrary to public order or cannot be protected by law
• Likelihood of confusion with an earlier trademark
• Infringement of a well-known trademark right
• Application by an unauthorized representative or commercial agent
• Earlier actual ownership of the right
• A trade name, copyright, design, personality right or another earlier right
• Bad-faith trademark application

In the action, invalidation may be requested for the entire trademark or only for certain goods and services. The right to sue, acquiescence, bad faith, proof of use, the parties’ earlier relationship and changes of rights holder in the register must be assessed separately.

An invalidation action is directed at the trademark owner in the register or its legal successor; TÜRKPATENT is not named as a defendant in a request solely for invalidation of the trademark. The effect from the application date, distinctiveness acquired through use, and the statutory exceptions are examined. The consequences of five years of acquiescence in the use of the later trademark are assessed particularly together with the bad-faith exception.

Well-Known Trademarks, Series Marks and Bad-Faith Applications

The well-known status of a trademark cannot be treated as a fixed and permanent status. A claim of well-known status must be shown with current evidence such as the recognition of the mark among the relevant public, the duration and geographic area of use, sales and market share, advertising investment, media visibility, licenses, the scope of protection, decisions and actions taken against infringement.

In terms of protection of well-known status:

• The relevant consumer circle and the recognition of the trademark
• The distinctive strength and reputation of the trademark
• The likelihood of a connection being made on different goods and services
• Unfair advantage, harm to reputation or damage to distinctive character
• The common element of a family of series marks
• Whether the well-known status is current at the application or opposition date

are examined.

In a bad-faith application claim, the parties’ earlier commercial relationship, distributorship or agency, knowledge of the trademark, the application portfolio, the purpose of use, systematic blocking or demanding payment behavior, and the commercial rationale for the application must be substantiated with evidence.

Basis: 1

Administrative Revocation of a Trademark by TÜRKPATENT

Trademark revocation arises not from unlawfulness at the time of registration but from specific grounds that arise or continue after registration. Since January 10, 2024, TÜRKPATENT has had the authority to decide on revocation requests under Article 26 of Law No. 6769 on Industrial Property. The implementation details of the administrative revocation process were regulated by the regulation amendment that entered into force on March 15, 2025.

Main circumstances that may be the subject of a revocation request:

• Failure to use the trademark genuinely, without a justified reason, for the goods or services for which it was registered
• A continuous suspension of use
• The trademark becoming a generic name as a result of the owner’s conduct or failure to take necessary measures
• The trademark becoming misleading to the public as to the nature, quality or geographical origin of the goods or services as a result of use
• Use of a certification or collective mark in breach of its technical specification

In an administrative revocation file, the goods and services for which revocation is requested, the date on which the grounds for revocation arose, proof of use, justified reason, attributability of use to the trademark owner, and the date on which the decision takes effect must be addressed separately. A separate revocation request must be filed for each trademark.

An appeal within the Office against the decision issued on a revocation request and the subsequent judicial review of the final Board decision are separate stages. An action may be filed before the Ankara Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights Civil Court within two months from notification of the Board’s final decision. Preliminary applications in the transition period and pending older proceedings are examined under their own rules.

When a revocation request is notified to the trademark owner, there is a one-month period for the response and evidence; if requested within this period, the Office grants up to one additional month. A response and evidence not submitted in time are not taken into account. In revocation for non-use, the five-year registration condition, genuine use and justified reasons are examined; the lapse of five years does not by itself delete the trademark from the register.

The revocation fee includes the Office fee and the amount held in the custody account. The conditions for a refund or payment to the other party vary depending on whether the request is accepted in full, rejected in full, accepted in part or withdrawn. The current tariff and transitional provisions are checked at the date of the transaction.

Basis: 1, 2, 4

Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition Actions

Unauthorized use of the identical sign of a registered trademark, or of a sign so similar as to create a likelihood of confusion, may constitute trademark infringement. However, not every similar use is automatically considered infringement. The use as a trademark, the connection with the goods or services, the target audience, the commercial impression, the context of use, exhaustion of rights, honest use and earlier rights must be examined together.

Trademark infringement claims may arise from the following uses:

• Use of the sign on a product, packaging, label or the presentation of services
• Production, offering for sale or stocking of a product bearing a counterfeit mark
• Import, export or putting into commercial circulation
• Use on business papers, catalogs, signage and advertisements
• Use on a website, domain name or social media account
• E-commerce listings and online marketplace sales
• Search engine advertising, keyword or redirect use
• Confusion between a trademark and a trade name or business name
• Imitation of a trademark, logo or packaging on a non-original product
• Continued use after a license or distributorship has ended

Some uses for which there is no trademark registration, or which fall outside the scope of the registration, may, depending on the concrete conditions, be protected under the provisions on unfair competition, trade name, works, designs or personality rights. A trademark action and an unfair competition action must be brought without confusing their legal grounds and claims.

Legal Claims That May Be Asserted in Trademark Infringement

The claims that may be asserted in an infringement of a trademark right are determined by the scope of the registration, the type of act, the parties’ commercial relationship and the damage. Instead of asserting all claims unconditionally in the same file, the legal and evidentiary basis of each claim must be built separately.

Claims that may be assessed according to the concrete case:

• Determination of the infringement
• Prevention of a probable infringement
• Cessation of ongoing infringing acts
• Elimination of the consequences of the infringement
• A decision on counterfeit products, packaging, labels and means of production
• Pecuniary damage and lost profit
• Non-pecuniary damages
• Redress of the damage to the reputation of the trademark
• Compensation based on a license fee or other calculation methods
• Publication of the decision
• Claims concerning the use of a domain name, trade name or online account
• Litigation costs and attorney’s fees

To calculate damages, the defendant’s sales and profits, the trademark owner’s probable earnings, licensing practices and market data may be examined. Trademark valuation and the calculation of damage arising from infringement are not the same thing; where necessary, we work with financial, sector and trademark valuation experts.

Defense Against an Allegation of Trademark Infringement

Trademark disputes do not consist only of claims asserted on behalf of the rights holder. Defenses of manufacturers, sellers, importers, distributors and service providers who are the subject of a formal notice, platform notification, customs suspension, injunction, lawsuit or criminal complaint are also prepared by examining the registration and actual use together.

Main issues that may be assessed in the defense:

• The signs or the goods and services not being similar
• The use not having the character of use as a trademark
• Honest and descriptive use
• An earlier right or earlier actual use
• The scope of a claim of consent, license, contract or implied permission
• Exhaustion of rights and the original-product defense
• Invalidation or revocation of the trademark registration
• Non-use of the claimant’s trademark and proof of use
• Exceeding the scope of goods and services of the registration
• A claim of loss of rights through acquiescence
• Prima facie proof and proportionality in an interim injunction
• Objections on damage, fault and causation
• Intent, act and personal responsibility in criminal liability

So that the statements made in civil, criminal, customs and platform proceedings do not contradict one another, the defense should be coordinated with a single-file strategy.

A later-dated trademark registration alone does not provide a defense against an earlier right. An action for a declaration of non-infringement is examined according to the conditions of a person against whom an infringement action has not yet been filed. The effect of counterclaims and of the route of invalidation or revocation on the pending action is assessed separately. In compensation arising from unfair competition or trademark claims, mediation as a condition precedent to litigation is checked separately.

Enforcement of a final or enforceable decision and collection of the receivable are also planned separately in terms of enforcement and insolvency law.

Basis: 1, 5

Interim Injunction and Preservation of Evidence in Trademark Infringement

Where a trademark infringement continues, counterfeit products are distributed, digital records are deleted or goods change hands, waiting for the final decision may make it harder to protect the right. For this reason, the need for evidence preservation and an interim injunction should be assessed at the beginning of the file.

Interim protections that may be sought may include the following, depending on the concrete case:

• Temporary cessation of the infringing use
• Seizure of counterfeit products, packaging and means of production
• Preventing the sale, import or export of the products
• Interim measure concerning an e-commerce listing or online content
• Preservation of evidence at the workplace, in the warehouse or in the digital environment
• Preservation of commercial books, invoices, stock and sales records
• Application for the suspension of customs procedures
• Assessment of security and counter-security

The screenshot, notarial record, source code, URL, date and time data, platform correspondence, test purchase, invoice and the way the product sample was obtained must be clearly shown. Because the use of unlawfully obtained digital records may itself give rise to a dispute, the method of collecting evidence must be planned from the outset.

Filing a lawsuit or a platform application does not by itself stop sales. In an interim injunction, the showing of the right and of the danger, proportionality, security, enforcement and the time limits for follow-up actions are assessed separately. Obtaining the decision and enforcing the decision are different stages.

Trade Names, Business Names, Domain Names and Social Media Accounts

The registration of a company in the trade registry or the acquisition of a domain name does not mean that using the same wording as a trademark is legally safe. A trade name, business name, trademark, domain name and social media username are subject to different registries and protection systems; in practice, however, they may conflict with one another.

In these disputes:

• The type of right and the date it was acquired
• The commercial function for which the sign is used
• The parties’ fields of activity and customer base
• The country and users the website targets
• Holding a domain name for parking, redirection or sale purposes
• The actual use of the social media account
• Bad-faith domain name registration and a cybersquatting allegation
• TRABİS, the domain name dispute resolution system or international domain name procedures
• Deletion of the trade name from the registry or limitation of its use
• The relationship between trademark, unfair competition and personality right claims

are assessed.

A removal request made to a platform may not replace a court or an alternative dispute resolution route. The removal of content and the lasting legal status of the account, the domain name or the commercial use are separate matters.

Trademark Protection in E-Commerce, Online Marketplaces and Digital Advertising

Trademark infringements no longer take place only on physical products and in stores. E-commerce listings, social media sales, sponsored ads, search engine keywords, app stores and counterfeit websites can cause an infringement to reach wide audiences in a short time.

In digital trademark protection:

• Identification of the infringing URL, account, store and seller details
• Preservation of the content with its date and source information
• Documenting the test purchase and the supply process of the product
• Platform intellectual property notices
• Requesting seller and service provider information
• Examination of domain name registration and hosting information
• Ad copy, keyword and redirect behavior
• Interim injunction and preservation of evidence
• Fake sites, phishing and fraud links
• Coordination with platforms and sellers in more than one country

are addressed together.

Automated trademark monitoring or a platform notification does not make a legal characterization. Just as not every use that looks similar is an infringement, the rejection of a content removal request does not conclusively show that the use is lawful.

Basis: 1, 5, 6

Counterfeit Products, Customs and Criminal Proceedings

The production, import, export, storage and commercial distribution of products bearing counterfeit marks may bring civil, customs and criminal proceedings into play at the same time. These routes differ in purpose, rules of proof and time limits.

Our scope of work:

• Application for protection of intellectual and industrial property rights at customs
• Examination of the product and documents where suspect goods are suspended
• Submission of documents on ownership of the right, authority and originality
• Samples, photographs and technical product comparison
• Necessary civil or criminal applications after a temporary suspension
• Investigation of production, warehouse, distribution and sales channels
• Search, seizure and expert examination proceedings
• Complaint and defense concerning the offense of trademark infringement
• Claims concerning the disposition and destruction of counterfeit products
• Liability of the importer, exporter, carrier, warehouse keeper and seller
• Coordination of counterfeit goods operations involving more than one country

Criminal liability is assessed on the basis of the person and the act. A company record, the ownership of a workplace or the presence of a product somewhere does not, by itself, mean that intent and personal liability are proven for every person. For the rights holder, too, registration, the right to file a complaint, the counterfeit nature of the product and properly obtained evidence are important.

The offenses in Article 30 of the Industrial Property Law are subject to complaint; for a penalty to be imposed, the trademark must be registered in Türkiye. A legal assessment of infringement does not by itself give rise to criminal liability. If a customs notification has arrived, the time of the notification, the goods information and the necessary judicial applications are examined without delay.

For related work, customs and international trade services and criminal law services may be reviewed.

Parallel Import, Exhaustion of Rights and Use of Original Products

The resale of an original product and the sale of a counterfeit product are not in the same legal position. Exhaustion of rights may arise for products placed on the market by the trademark owner or with its consent; however, the dispute may continue where the product is altered, impaired or repackaged, a misleading impression is created about warranty and after-sales service, or the concrete use constitutes another infringement. Exhaustion of rights does not unconditionally permit every form of resale or advertising.

In this area:

• Whether the product is original
• By whom and where the first placing on the market was made
• The trademark owner’s consent
• Changes to the product, packaging or serial number
• Repackaging and relabeling
• Whether an impression of being an authorized dealer is created
• Warranty, service and consumer information
• The connection with customs, distributorship and competition law

are examined.

Basis: 1, 7

Trademark License, Assignment, Pledge and Commercial Contracts

A trademark may be assigned as a company asset, licensed, used as security, attached, and pass by inheritance. It is not enough for the transaction to appear in the register alone; its commercial scope must be clearly set out in the contract.

In trademark contracts, in particular:

• The trademark and countries assigned or licensed
• Scope of goods and services
• Exclusive or non-exclusive license
• Term, territory and sales channels
• Prohibition of sublicensing and assignment
• Quality control and trademark use standards
• License fee, turnover reporting and audit right
• Digital use, domain names and social media accounts
• Obligation to act on registration, renewal and infringement
• Transfer of evidence of use to the trademark owner
• The status of stock after the contract ends
• Confidentiality, non-competition and dispute resolution
• Entry in the register and enforceability against third parties

should be regulated.

In franchise, distributorship and dealership contracts, the use of the trademark is part of the main commercial relationship. How trademark use on signage, domain names, accounts, advertising, stock and customer communication will be ended when the contract ends must be set out clearly.

Legal transactions concerning a trademark right are subject to written form; the validity of an assignment contract depends on its being notarized. Entry in the register and enforceability against good-faith third parties are assessed separately. Special validity provisions apply to certification and collective marks. A licensee’s standing to bring an action is examined together with the type of license, the contract and the notification requirements.

The tax dimension of a trademark transaction may require separate work; the scope of tax law is determined according to the transaction.

Basis: 1

Trademark Portfolio, Renewal and Legal Audit

For companies that own several trademarks, tracking only the renewal date is not enough. The portfolio should be audited regularly in terms of the trademarks in use, ownership of the registrations, changes to the company’s name, licenses, classes, target countries and economic importance.

Trademark portfolio work:

• Inventory of trademarks, applications and ownership
• Identifying renewals and missing register entries
• Comparing the trademark in use with the registered form
• Revocation risk for unused classes and trademarks
• Building an archive of evidence of use
• Consistency of license and franchise contracts with the registrations
• Needs for new products, services and countries
• Trademark monitoring and opposition system
• Ownership of domain names and social media accounts
• Transfer of rights on company merger, division or transfer
• Pledge, attachment, inheritance and other limitations
• Registrations that have lost their function or pose a risk

is carried out on the basis of these items.

In a company merger, investment or trademark acquisition, the register entry alone is not sufficient. The validity of the trademark, the status of use, pending oppositions and actions, licenses, infringement allegations, renewal dates and revenue-generating capacity must be included in the legal review.

The protection period of a registered trademark is ten years from the application date, not from the date the registration certificate was issued; it can be renewed in ten-year periods. Ordinary renewal can be made within the six months before expiry; renewal with an additional fee can be made within the six months after expiry. Use, monitoring and renewal do not replace one another.

Company mergers, transfers and shareholding transactions can be addressed together with company law services.

Basis: 1

International Trademark Registration and the Madrid System

Trademark protection is territorial. A registration in Türkiye does not by itself protect the trademark in all countries. A protection strategy must be built separately for the countries where export, e-commerce, production, licensing, franchising or investment is planned.

Where the required connection and basic application or registration conditions exist, the Madrid System allows protection to be requested in selected member countries through a single international application. However, the trademark office of each country examines the application under its own law and may issue a provisional refusal.

Our international trademark work:

• Determining target country and market priorities
• Comparing direct national application with the Madrid System option
• Assessing the scope of the basic application or registration
• Preparing the list of goods and services according to a multi-country strategy
• Following WIPO procedures and country notifications
• Coordination with local representatives against provisional refusal decisions
• Subsequent designations, renewals and register changes
• Country-by-country follow-up of use obligations
• International licensing, assignment and security transactions
• Coordination of infringement, customs and litigation proceedings abroad

A Madrid registration does not create a single, indivisible world trademark; protection in each selected country arises under that country’s legislation and within the scope of the decision issued.

The dependence of an international registration on the basic application or registration during the first five years is also included in the strategy. The termination of the basic right may affect protection in the selected countries; local refusals, transformation options and time limits are examined under their own conditions.

Protection of Foreign Trademark Owners in Türkiye

In the trademark proceedings of foreign individuals and companies in Türkiye, international registration, designation of Türkiye, national application, local use, the relationship with a distributor or representative, and customs protection must be examined together.

In this scope:

• Search for earlier applications and registrations in Türkiye
• Application of a foreign trademark in Türkiye or designation of Türkiye
• Provisional refusal, opposition to publication and response
• Unauthorized application by a distributor, agent or commercial representative
• Bad-faith registration and trademark hijacking
• Evidence relating to Türkiye for proof of use
• License, distributorship and franchise contracts
• Counterfeit products, customs and online infringement
• Foreign documents, translation, power of attorney and service
• Multi-country disputes and coordination with local legal advisers

are addressed.

Communication in Turkish, English, German and Russian helps proceedings conducted with foreign trademark owners, company executives and trademark representatives in different countries to proceed in an understandable and coordinated way.

The representation of persons whose place of residence is abroad before the Office is established in accordance with the statutory requirement for a trademark representative. The authority to act in a foreign country and attorney services in Türkiye are separate; official transactions and lawsuits in a foreign country are carried out by an authorized local legal practitioner.

Basis: 1, 8, 9